{"title":"Mini review: Apple improvement, traditional approaches, biotechnology options, and regulatory considerations.","authors":"Amy L Klocko","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2025.1617110","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apples are a popular and globally important crop. The fruits are eaten fresh, pressed for juice, fermented as cider, processed into sauce, dried, and more. There are thousands of different cultivars, a small subset of which are grown on a commercial scale. Genetic analysis has shown that, as a group, domestic apples have a complicated genetic background, with contributions from multiple wild species. By contrast, most of the highly produced commercialized modern cultivars share a narrow range of genetic diversity. However, as apples are outcrossing, propagated vegetatively, and long-lived, wild and heirloom varieties can be maintained and are valuable sources of genetic diversity for desirable traits. Apples are also amenable to genetic transformation, and work in this area has resulted in improved resistance to diseases and a commercialized non-browning variety, the Arctic™ Apple. Traditional breeding, breeding guided by modern genetic knowledge, and biotechnology all contribute to the overall process of apple cultivar development and represent an important example of how many approaches can be used in crop improvement. As global biosafety regulations continue to develop and change, countries will be tasked with developing guidelines for both the creation and import of apple trees and apple products.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"13 ","pages":"1617110"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12175005/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1617110","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Apples are a popular and globally important crop. The fruits are eaten fresh, pressed for juice, fermented as cider, processed into sauce, dried, and more. There are thousands of different cultivars, a small subset of which are grown on a commercial scale. Genetic analysis has shown that, as a group, domestic apples have a complicated genetic background, with contributions from multiple wild species. By contrast, most of the highly produced commercialized modern cultivars share a narrow range of genetic diversity. However, as apples are outcrossing, propagated vegetatively, and long-lived, wild and heirloom varieties can be maintained and are valuable sources of genetic diversity for desirable traits. Apples are also amenable to genetic transformation, and work in this area has resulted in improved resistance to diseases and a commercialized non-browning variety, the Arctic™ Apple. Traditional breeding, breeding guided by modern genetic knowledge, and biotechnology all contribute to the overall process of apple cultivar development and represent an important example of how many approaches can be used in crop improvement. As global biosafety regulations continue to develop and change, countries will be tasked with developing guidelines for both the creation and import of apple trees and apple products.
期刊介绍：
The translation of new discoveries in medicine to clinical routine has never been easy. During the second half of the last century, thanks to the progress in chemistry, biochemistry and pharmacology, we have seen the development and the application of a large number of drugs and devices aimed at the treatment of symptoms, blocking unwanted pathways and, in the case of infectious diseases, fighting the micro-organisms responsible. However, we are facing, today, a dramatic change in the therapeutic approach to pathologies and diseases. Indeed, the challenge of the present and the next decade is to fully restore the physiological status of the diseased organism and to completely regenerate tissue and organs when they are so seriously affected that treatments cannot be limited to the repression of symptoms or to the repair of damage. This is being made possible thanks to the major developments made in basic cell and molecular biology, including stem cell science, growth factor delivery, gene isolation and transfection, the advances in bioengineering and nanotechnology, including development of new biomaterials, biofabrication technologies and use of bioreactors, and the big improvements in diagnostic tools and imaging of cells, tissues and organs.
In today`s world, an enhancement of communication between multidisciplinary experts, together with the promotion of joint projects and close collaborations among scientists, engineers, industry people, regulatory agencies and physicians are absolute requirements for the success of any attempt to develop and clinically apply a new biological therapy or an innovative device involving the collective use of biomaterials, cells and/or bioactive molecules. “Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology” aspires to be a forum for all people involved in the process by bridging the gap too often existing between a discovery in the basic sciences and its clinical application.
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