Advancements in flexible Perovskite solar cells and their integration into self-powered wearable optoelectronic systems

Abstract

Driven by rapid advancements in smart wearable technologies and perovskite photovoltaics, flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) have emerged as highly promising autonomous power sources, poised to transform the next generation of mobile energy systems, portable electronics, and integrated wearable devices. For successful deployment in real-world scenarios, FPSCs must exhibit a combination of key attributes, including high power conversion efficiency, lightweight architecture, environmental robustness, and mechanical adaptability—encompassing flexibility, stretchability, and twistability. This review provides a detailed examination of the evolution, current state, and practical deployment of FPSCs, emphasizing their potential as efficient, portable energy solutions. It investigates advanced strategies for improving environmental resilience and mechanical recoverability, including the engineering of flexible substrates, deposition of high-quality perovskite films, and optimization of charge-selective interfaces. Additionally, it offers a systematic analysis of device design, fabrication protocols, scalable printing techniques, and standardized performance evaluation methods tailored for wearable FPSCs. Recent progress in enhancing the optoelectronic properties and mechanical durability of FPSCs is also critically reviewed. Ultimately, this work delivers a comprehensive perspective on FPSCs from both optoelectronic and mechanical viewpoints, identifies key challenges, and outlines future research pathways toward the seamless integration of FPSCs into multifunctional, next-generation wearable systems.