The struggle for sovereignty and resource wealth: How internal divisions challenge external actors in Iraq and the Kurdistan region

Abstract

The conflict between Iraq and the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) over oil and gas resources reflects the intricate challenges posed by internal divisions and external interventions in resource-rich regions. These disputes, rooted in constitutional ambiguities and competing claims of sovereignty, have hindered the development of a unified energy strategy while intensifying domestic and international tensions. The involvement of external actors, particularly International Oil Companies (IOCs), highlights the complexities of navigating geopolitical interests in a region marked by political fragmentation and resource dependency. As both Iraq and the KRG rely heavily on oil revenues, the struggle for control over petroleum resources has escalated into a broader political and economic conflict, drawing in international stakeholders and exacerbating regional instability. This study examines the interplay of internal and external dynamics in the Iraq-KRG conflict, emphasizing the challenges faced by external actors and the implications of resource competition on governance and sovereignty. The findings underscore the need for collaborative resource management, equitable revenue-sharing frameworks, and balanced foreign investment strategies to mitigate tensions and promote sustainable development in the region.