Comparative extraction strategies for Adhatoda vasica: Unveiling bioactive profile via GC–MS and their scavenging potential

IF 2.5 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Results in Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI:10.1016/j.rechem.2025.102432

Abdul Jabbar , Shahid Iqbal , Umer Younas , Arfaa Sajid , Qaisar Manzoor , Zohaib Saeed , Anam Sajid , Awais Ahmad , Dongwhi Choi

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Abstract

Adhatoda vasica (L.) Nees holds prominence as a medicinal plant in Unani and Ayurvedic traditions. This study evaluates conventional versus modern extraction processes for isolating bioactive constituents from Adhatoda vasica leaves (AVL), using soxhlet extraction (SE), cold maceration (CM), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) techniques and evaluate their scavenging potential. The maximum extraction yield (34.56 %) was achieved using MAE, followed by UAE, SE, and CM. The radical scavenging potential of AVL bioactive compounds was evaluated using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), iron chelating (ICS), and 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. Results indicated that DPPH and ABTS showed 38.45 ± 1.87 % and 76.19 ± 0.98 % inhibition, respectively. The reducing power capacity was observed as 461.56 ± 1.90 mmol AAE/10 g, while iron chelating activity was 65.3 ± 1.76 μg Na₂EDTA/10 g. The MAE fraction exhibited the highest contents of flavonoids (46.21 ± 1.96 μg ECE/g), phenolics (55.69 ± 1.54 mg GAE/g), tannins (5.77 ± 1.57 mg TAE/g), and ascorbic acid (36.4 ± 1.54 mg AA/100 g). Due to highest scavenging potential chemical profiling of MAE fraction was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GC–MS analysis without derivatization identified fourteen compounds, while derivatization with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoro acetamide revealed twelve additional compounds; n-butanol and ethanol fractions exhibited two and four compounds, respectively. HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of major phytochemicals including quercetin, gallic acid, syringic acid, and vitamin C. The results exhibit that AVL are abundant with phenolic compounds, and microwave-assisted extraction are highly effective in maximizing the yield of bioactive components. Due to their potent radical scavenging properties, these bioactives hold significant potential for use in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

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水仙花的比较提取策略：通过GC-MS揭示其生物活性及其清除潜力

水杨花（Adhatoda vasica）在乌纳尼和阿育吠陀传统中，楝树是一种重要的药用植物。本研究评估了传统提取方法与现代提取方法对水叶莲叶（AVL）生物活性成分的分离效果，包括索氏提取（SE）、冷浸（CM）、微波辅助提取（MAE）和超声辅助提取（UAE）技术，并评估了它们的清除潜力。MAE的提取率最高，为34.56%，其次是UAE、SE和CM。采用2,2-二苯基-1-吡啶肼基（DPPH）、铁还原抗氧化能力（FRAP）、铁螯合（ICS）和2,2 ' -氮基-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸（ABTS）测定方法评价AVL生物活性化合物的自由基清除能力。结果表明，DPPH和ABTS的抑制率分别为38.45±1.87%和76.19±0.98%。还原能力为461.56±1.90 mmol AAE/10 g，铁螯合活性为65.3±1.76 μg Na₂EDTA/10 g。黄酮类化合物（46.21±1.96 μg ECE/g）、酚类物质（55.69±1.54 mg GAE/g）、单宁（5.77±1.57 mg TAE/g）和抗坏血酸（36.4±1.54 mg AA/100 g）的含量最高。由于MAE组分具有较高的清除率，因此采用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）和高效液相色谱（HPLC）对其进行化学分析。未衍生化的GC-MS分析鉴定出14个化合物，与N， o -二（三甲基硅基）三氟乙酰胺衍生化分析鉴定出12个化合物；正丁醇和乙醇组分分别含有2个和4个化合物。高效液相色谱分析证实，AVL中含有槲皮素、没食子酸、丁香酸和维生素c等主要植物化学物质。结果表明，AVL中含有丰富的酚类化合物，微波辅助提取可以最大限度地提高生物活性成分的产量。由于其有效的自由基清除特性，这些生物活性物质在食品、制药和化妆品工业中具有重要的应用潜力。

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