Advances in small organic molecule fluorescent probes for formaldehyde detection and imaging in pathophysiological processes: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Formaldehyde (FA), a crucial endogenous metabolite, participates in various biological processes, but its abnormal levels threaten health. Fluorescent probe technology, with its non-invasive nature, rapid response, and high sensitivity, provides an effective means for real-time monitoring of FA in living cells and animal models. Despite significant progress in fluorescent probes, challenges remain. Particularly for detecting FA in the brain, penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a challenge. Therefore, continuous innovation is needed to optimize probe design and synthesis, combined with advanced imaging technologies, to enhance performance. This review systematically summarizes the design strategies and recognition mechanisms of small organic molecule FA fluorescent probes in recent years and, for the first time, details their imaging applications in pathophysiological processes such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cancer, inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Looking ahead, we aim to promote the widespread use of fluorescent probes in pathophysiological research, providing valuable references for researchers.