Humidity-Resistant Piezoelectric Nanogenerator in a Self-Powered Smart Glove for Real-Time Motion Detection and Morse Code Transmission for Remote Workers

Abstract

Wearable flexible sensors have gained significant attention for their applications in bioelectronics, human–machine interaction, motion monitoring, and self-powered energy harvesting─especially in scenarios requiring real-time feedback and autonomy. In hazardous or noisy environments, such as in industrial, military, or medical contexts, communication can be severely restricted. To address this, we developed a smart glove embedded with a flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator (FPENG) for real-time, self-powered Morse code transmission via finger movements. The FPENG utilizes a zinc tungstate (ZnWO₄) and barium titanate (BaTiO₃) nanoparticle composite within a PDMS matrix, enhancing the piezoelectric output. The device achieved a peak voltage of 1.79 V under 30 N at 3 Hz─outperforming comparable sensors─with reliable operation across a wide force range (0.01–784 N). This performance is attributed to the core–shell composite structure, interfacial polarization, charge separation, and mechanical durability. The FPENG showed stable output over a month, indicating long-term reliability. Its rapid response and sensitivity enable it to detect various human motions (including finger/wrist/elbow/knee bending, foot tapping, walking, and running). This cost-effective, compact smart glove demonstrates strong potential for use in assistive communication for individuals with disabilities, remote workers, and AI-integrated wearable systems, especially in environments where conventional communication is limited.