A Scoping Review of Asymptomatic Hypertension: Definitions, Diagnosis, and Management in the Emergency Department.

Abstract

Background: This scoping review examines the existing literature to reveal consensus or absence thereof regarding the definition and management strategies for asymptomatic hypertension.

Methods: The review used Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. We searched the CINAHL (EBSCO), Scopus, Ovid EMBASE, and PubMed (MEDLINE) databases using keywords and index terms to identify adult patients with hypertension in an emergency or outpatient setting. After review and quality assessment, we included 35 texts.

Results: The definition of "asymptomatic hypertension" varied widely. There was significant variation in which society or academic guideline served as the reference and what the blood pressure cut offs were; all specified a lack of end-organ damage. End-organ damage was poorly defined- studies instead described the absence of hypertensive emergency. Of the texts which provided recommendations, all recommended a thorough history and physical examination. Only one study recommended additional testing for asymptomatic patients. Treatment recommendations relied predominantly on ACEP clinical policy, with a majority of studies advocating for gradual reduction of blood pressure as well as referral for outpatient management.

Conclusion: Unified guidelines on the definition and management of asymptomatic hypertension are needed to ensure effective and consistent patient care. There is no consensus for diagnostic testing in patients with a negative history and physical exam, nor whether treatment should be initiated in the emergency department. Addressing this gap would enhance clinical outcomes and streamline healthcare processes across systems. Future research should focus on establishing consensus and developing management strategies that are adaptable to both emergency and primary care environments.