Intelligent Parking Space Classification Under Hazy and Non-Hazy Conditions: An Efficient Deep Learning Solution

IF 1.8 4区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Navpreet, Rajendra Kumar Roul, Rinkle Rani
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

A fundamental issue in managing parking effectively is optimizing the utilization of existing parking spaces. While advanced artificial techniques have demonstrated remarkable accuracy in classifying parking spots, optimizing their utilization remains a key concern. However, performance degrades during slight interference, obstructions, and diverse lighting conditions such as fog or haze. Most researchers have used deep learning approaches to classify parking spaces for non-hazy weather conditions only, often prioritizing model performance over training efficiency. Building on this, the main aim of the proposed work is to develop a model for classifying parking spaces under any weather conditions (hazy and non-hazy). A synthesized parking dataset is designed for hazy weather conditions. Light-dehazenet (LD-Net) is applied to counteract the effects of haze in the synthesized dataset. AlexNet is trained on the synthesized and PKLot datasets by applying transfer learning and preparing hazy and non-hazy feature vectors, respectively. A random forest is applied to select top-ranked features to avoid overfitting, remove noise from the features, and increase generalization capability. The selected features contribute to the input vector for classification using Multilayer-ELM (MLELM). The major breakthrough involves replacing the fully connected layer of AlexNet with MLELM to avoid lengthy backpropagation and reduce the training time. The experimental results of AlexNet-MLELM are compared with lightweight pre-trained CNN and existing state-of-the-art models. Empirical results suggest that the proposed model provides a viable approach for parking space classification in diverse weather conditions.

雾霾和非雾霾条件下的智能停车位分类:一种高效的深度学习解决方案
有效管理停车的一个基本问题是优化现有停车位的利用。虽然先进的人工技术在停车位分类方面表现出了惊人的准确性,但优化停车位的利用仍然是一个关键问题。然而,在轻微的干扰、障碍物和不同的照明条件下(如雾或霾),性能会下降。大多数研究人员只使用深度学习方法对非雾霾天气条件下的停车位进行分类,通常优先考虑模型性能而不是训练效率。在此基础上,提出的工作的主要目的是开发一个模型,用于在任何天气条件下(雾霾和非雾霾)对停车位进行分类。针对雾霾天气条件设计了一个综合停车数据集。在合成数据集中应用光去雾网(LD-Net)来抵消雾霾的影响。AlexNet在合成数据集和PKLot数据集上分别通过迁移学习和制备模糊和非模糊特征向量进行训练。采用随机森林方法选择高阶特征,避免过拟合,去除特征中的噪声,提高泛化能力。选择的特征有助于使用多层elm (MLELM)进行分类的输入向量。主要的突破是用MLELM取代AlexNet的全连接层,以避免冗长的反向传播并减少训练时间。AlexNet-MLELM的实验结果与轻量级预训练CNN和现有最先进的模型进行了比较。实证结果表明,该模型为不同天气条件下的车位分类提供了一种可行的方法。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Computational Intelligence
Computational Intelligence 工程技术-计算机:人工智能
CiteScore
6.90
自引率
3.60%
发文量
65
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: This leading international journal promotes and stimulates research in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Covering a wide range of issues - from the tools and languages of AI to its philosophical implications - Computational Intelligence provides a vigorous forum for the publication of both experimental and theoretical research, as well as surveys and impact studies. The journal is designed to meet the needs of a wide range of AI workers in academic and industrial research.
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