Current situation of emerging contaminants in Mexican waters and treatment perspectives

Abstract

Emerging contaminants (ECs) in water represent a significant environmental and public health challenge, with compounds such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and endocrine disruptors posing substantial risks. In Mexico, the detection of ECs has intensified, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, due to increased pharmaceutical consumption. This review highlights the most frequently detected ECs, including naproxen, carbamazepine, 17-β estradiol, Bisphenol A, and triclosan, which are prioritized for regulation based on their high concentrations and adverse effects on both aquatic ecosystems and human health. Despite Mexico's efforts to monitor these contaminants, the country faces significant challenges in terms of regulation and removal. Conventional wastewater treatment methods are insufficient to eliminate ECs, requiring the implementation of advanced technologies such as advanced oxidation processes. However, a lack of political intervention, inadequate regulatory frameworks, and limited public awareness hinder progress. This review underscores the need for stronger governmental action, interdisciplinary collaboration, and public education to mitigate EC pollution. The development of new regulations and the integration of advanced treatment technologies into existing infrastructure are crucial to preventing long-term environmental damage and safeguarding public health. Additionally, promoting awareness among consumers about the risks of ECs could lead to more sustainable product choices and reduce contamination of water sources.