Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics for Glioblastoma Multiforme Treatment

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade 4 primary malignant brain neoplasm with a poor prognosis. GBM has an average survival of 12–18 months despite aggressive treatments, such as maximal safe resection, radiation, and chemotherapy with temozolomide. GBM is always associated with high incidences of treatment resistance and recurrence, which is largely driven by glioma stem cells and presents significant therapeutic challenges. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is the most significant obstacle in treating GBM since it restricts the delivery of therapeutic agents to the tumor site. Recent advancements in nanotechnology offer promising alternatives to overcome such restrictions, enabling targeted drug delivery and significantly reducing systemic toxicity. Additionally, discussing various types of nanoparticles such as liposomes, lipid-based, dendrimers, polymeric, and metallic nanoparticles that have shown promise in preclinical models for GBM treatment has become pertinent. These nanoparticles can attach to glioblastoma cells using antigens and membrane receptors for site-directed drug targeting. Furthermore, nanoparticles have the potential to cross the BBB, enhancing drug delivery and minimizing off-target effects. This review explores the latest advancements in nanoparticle-based therapies and their potential to revolutionize GBM treatment, particularly through the precise targeting and controlled release of therapeutic agents within the tumor microenvironment.