Enhanced degradation ability of heterojunction via construction of typical morphologies of carbon nitride: Mechanistic insights and theory calculations
Xuan Xu , Haodong He , Chenyu Li , Lin Dai , Xiaoqi Chen , Yuqing Zhao , Zhiqiang Shen , Zhigang Qiu , Jingfeng Wang
{"title":"Enhanced degradation ability of heterojunction via construction of typical morphologies of carbon nitride: Mechanistic insights and theory calculations","authors":"Xuan Xu , Haodong He , Chenyu Li , Lin Dai , Xiaoqi Chen , Yuqing Zhao , Zhiqiang Shen , Zhigang Qiu , Jingfeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.105790","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon nitride (C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>)-based heterojunctions have demonstrated remarkable potential in suppressing photogenerated carrier recombination and enhancing light-energy conversion efficiency, making them promising candidates for photocatalytic applications. However, the synergistic interplay between morphology regulation and heterojunction engineering remains underexplored. In this study, three distinct C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanostructures—bulk (BCN), spherical (SCN), and vein-network (LCN)—were successfully synthesized via high-temperature calcination and solvothermal methods using melamine as the precursor. Subsequently, a Z-scheme C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub> heterojunction was constructed and employed for visible-light-driven tetracycline (TC) degradation. Comprehensive experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations revealed that morphological optimization critically influences the crystal structure, band alignment, and photoelectrochemical properties of C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and photoelectrochemical analyses further elucidated the mechanistic role of nanostructure design in enhancing charge separation and photoconversion efficiency. The Z-scheme heterojunction not only promoted localized charge density distribution but also significantly improved light absorption and carrier separation, leading to superior TC degradation performance. Notably, the LCN/WO<sub>3</sub> composite achieved 96.5 % TC removal within 60 min, outperforming BCN/WO<sub>3</sub> (75.3 %) and exhibiting degradation rates 2.24 and 8.48 times higher than those of BCN and pristine WO<sub>3</sub>, respectively. This work highlights the synergistic benefits of morphology control and heterojunction engineering in optimizing C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-based photocatalysts, offering a viable strategy for efficient antibiotic degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 105790"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Results in Engineering","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025018614","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Carbon nitride (C3N4)-based heterojunctions have demonstrated remarkable potential in suppressing photogenerated carrier recombination and enhancing light-energy conversion efficiency, making them promising candidates for photocatalytic applications. However, the synergistic interplay between morphology regulation and heterojunction engineering remains underexplored. In this study, three distinct C3N4 nanostructures—bulk (BCN), spherical (SCN), and vein-network (LCN)—were successfully synthesized via high-temperature calcination and solvothermal methods using melamine as the precursor. Subsequently, a Z-scheme C3N4/WO3 heterojunction was constructed and employed for visible-light-driven tetracycline (TC) degradation. Comprehensive experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations revealed that morphological optimization critically influences the crystal structure, band alignment, and photoelectrochemical properties of C3N4. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and photoelectrochemical analyses further elucidated the mechanistic role of nanostructure design in enhancing charge separation and photoconversion efficiency. The Z-scheme heterojunction not only promoted localized charge density distribution but also significantly improved light absorption and carrier separation, leading to superior TC degradation performance. Notably, the LCN/WO3 composite achieved 96.5 % TC removal within 60 min, outperforming BCN/WO3 (75.3 %) and exhibiting degradation rates 2.24 and 8.48 times higher than those of BCN and pristine WO3, respectively. This work highlights the synergistic benefits of morphology control and heterojunction engineering in optimizing C3N4-based photocatalysts, offering a viable strategy for efficient antibiotic degradation.