In Vivo Imaging of Pancreatic Cancer in BALB/c Mice Using Erlotinib-Conjugated Carbon Quantum Dots Derived from 1,4,5,8-Tetraminoanthraquinone

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most aggressive malignancies with a poor prognosis due to late-stage diagnosis and limited treatment options. Fluorescence imaging has emerged as a valuable tool for early detection and targeted imaging of pancreatic cancer, offering improved visualization of tumors at the molecular level. Among various fluorescence techniques, fluorescence imaging using longer-wavelength nanomaterials holds significant promise due to their deeper tissue penetration and reduced background autofluorescence. In this study, we report the development of red-emitting carbon quantum dots designed for targeted imaging of pancreatic cancer. These carbon quantum dots were functionalized with erlotinib to enhance cancer cell specificity. In vitro biological evaluations demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity, prompting further investigations in vivo. Using BALB/c mice as model organisms, in vivo imaging showcased the efficacy of the developed probe for targeted pancreatic cancer detection, suggesting its potential as a robust tool for cancer diagnostics and imaging.