Anticancer Effects of Monacolin X Against Human Liver Cancer Cell Line: Exploring the Apoptosis Using AO/EB and DCFHDA Fluorescent Staining

IF 3 4区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Luminescence Pub Date : 2025-06-17 DOI:10.1002/bio.70229

Vennila Jayaraman, Madan Kumar Arumugam, Shana Balachandran, Lokeshkumar Boopathy, Sasikumar Arumugam, Jamunarani Srirangaramasamy, Sandhanasamy Devanesan, Arumugam Suresh, Shobana Sampath

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Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) most prevalent form of liver cancer and poses a few available treatments and is a major worldwide health burden. Monacolin X, a natural compound derived from the marine sponge-associated symbiont Monascus ruber, has garnered attention for its potential anticancer and anti-angiogenesis properties. This current study aimed to investigate the anticancer and apoptosis-inducing effects of Monacolin X against the human liver cancer (HepG2) cell line in vitro. This present study utilized various assays to assess cytotoxicity by MTT assay, apoptosis induction, DCFH-DA staining to measure the intracellular ROS levels, and apoptosis-and inflammation-related gene expression changes induced by the Monacolin X. The MTT results discovered dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 72.4 μM. The apoptosis-inducing effect of Monacolin X was evident through propidium iodide (PI) and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, accompanied by increased intracellular ROS levels and downregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) and modulation of key apoptosis regulators (Bax and Bcl-2) as determined by qPCR analysis. In conclusion, these observations suggest a mechanism whereby Monacolin X has potent anticancer activity against the HepG2 cell line, and further investigation will be required to determine the molecular pathways responsible for the potential therapeutic effects for the clinical implications in liver cancer.

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莫那可林X对人肝癌细胞株的抗凋亡作用：AO/EB和DCFHDA荧光染色研究

肝细胞癌（HCC）是最常见的肝癌形式，目前仅有少数几种可用的治疗方法，是世界范围内主要的健康负担。莫纳可林X是一种从海洋海绵相关共生体红曲霉橡胶中提取的天然化合物，因其潜在的抗癌和抗血管生成特性而受到关注。本实验旨在探讨莫那可林X对人肝癌（HepG2）细胞株的体外抗肿瘤和诱导凋亡作用。本研究采用MTT法、细胞凋亡诱导、DCFH-DA染色测定细胞内ROS水平以及莫纳可林x诱导的凋亡和炎症相关基因表达变化等多种方法评估细胞毒性。MTT结果发现HepG2细胞具有剂量依赖性的细胞毒性，IC50值为72.4 μM。通过碘化丙啶（PI）和吖啶橙/溴化乙啶（AO/EB）染色，Monacolin X具有明显的细胞凋亡诱导作用，qPCR分析发现细胞内ROS水平升高，促炎细胞因子（IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α）表达下调，凋亡关键调节因子（Bax和Bcl-2）表达下调。总之，这些观察结果提示了Monacolin X对HepG2细胞系具有有效抗癌活性的机制，需要进一步研究以确定其对肝癌临床潜在治疗作用的分子途径。

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来源期刊

Luminescence 生物-生化与分子生物学

CiteScore

5.10

自引率

13.80%

发文量

248

审稿时长

3.5 months

期刊介绍： Luminescence provides a forum for the publication of original scientific papers, short communications, technical notes and reviews on fundamental and applied aspects of all forms of luminescence, including bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, sonoluminescence, triboluminescence, fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence and phosphorescence. Luminescence publishes papers on assays and analytical methods, instrumentation, mechanistic and synthetic studies, basic biology and chemistry. Luminescence also publishes details of forthcoming meetings, information on new products, and book reviews. A special feature of the Journal is surveys of the recent literature on selected topics in luminescence.