The Comparison of the Gut Microbiome Composition, Serum Inflammatory Markers and Faecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids Among Individuals With Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus With Healthy Controls: A Case–Control Study

IF 2.7 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Pub Date : 2025-06-17 DOI:10.1002/edm2.70071

Hossein Yarmohammadi, Masood Soltanipur, Mahdi Rezaei, Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed, Maedeh Raei, Alireza Razavi, Seyed Mohsen Mirhosseini, Mehrangiz Zangeneh, Delaram Doroud, Abolfazl Fateh, Seyedalireza Seyed Siamdoust, Seyed Davar Siadat

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Abstract

Background

This study aimed to compare the gut microbiome (GM) composition, serum inflammatory markers and faecal short-chain fatty acids among individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy controls.

Methods

This case–control study examined 49 subjects with type 2 DM, 21 with type 1 DM and 40 healthy controls. Blood and faecal samples were collected. Serum inflammatory markers, including CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Bacterial populations were quantified using RT-qPCR and NGS. Faecal metabolites were analysed using gas chromatography.

Results

Simpson's alpha diversity was higher among types 1 and 2 DM than in the control. The frequency of the bacterial genera Gemmiger, Dorea, Collinsella, Escherichia/Shigella, Dialister, Coprococcus, Achromobacter, Intestinimonas and Allisonella in type 2 DM was higher than in the control, and the frequency of the genera Romboutsia and Clostridium was decreased in type 2 DM. The frequency of the Prevotella, Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium genera in type 1 DM was lower than in the other groups. Acetate, propionate and butyrate levels were significantly higher in type 2 DM patients compared to the other groups. Participants with diabetes had significantly higher hs-CRP, IL1-β, TNF, IL-6 and IFG levels compared to the controls. Compared to healthy controls, both T1DM and T2DM patients showed a significant increase in the abundance of the Lactobacillus genus (p = 0.01) and a decrease in Faecalibacterium (p = 0.02). Additionally, serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly elevated in T2DM patients (p = 0.003 and p = 0.005, respectively). Faecal levels of butyrate were significantly reduced in both diabetic groups compared to the controls (p = 0.004).

Conclusion

By determining the GM alterations in patients with diabetes, interventional strategies could be designed to modulate the GM composition as an adjunctive therapy in diabetes.

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1型和2型糖尿病患者与健康对照者肠道微生物组成、血清炎症标志物和粪便短链脂肪酸的比较：一项病例对照研究

本研究旨在比较1型和2型糖尿病（DM）患者与健康对照者的肠道微生物组（GM）组成、血清炎症标志物和粪便短链脂肪酸。方法对49例2型糖尿病患者、21例1型糖尿病患者和40例健康对照进行病例对照研究。采集血液和粪便样本。采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测血清炎症标志物，包括CRP、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和IFN-γ。采用RT-qPCR和NGS对细菌种群进行定量。用气相色谱法分析粪便代谢物。结果1型和2型糖尿病患者的Simpson α多样性高于对照组。2型糖尿病患者中Gemmiger、Dorea、Collinsella、Escherichia/Shigella、Dialister、Coprococcus、Achromobacter、n肠单胞菌和Allisonella菌属出现频率高于对照组，Romboutsia和Clostridium菌属出现频率降低，Prevotella、Bacteroides和Faecalibacterium出现频率低于其他组。2型糖尿病患者的醋酸盐、丙酸盐和丁酸盐水平明显高于其他组。与对照组相比，糖尿病患者的hs-CRP、il - 1-β、TNF、IL-6和IFG水平显著升高。与健康对照组相比，T2DM和T1DM患者的乳酸杆菌属丰度显著增加（p = 0.01）， Faecalibacterium显著减少（p = 0.02）。此外，T2DM患者血清IL-6和TNF-α水平显著升高（p = 0.003和p = 0.005）。与对照组相比，两组糖尿病患者粪便中丁酸盐水平均显著降低（p = 0.004）。结论通过确定糖尿病患者GM的变化，可以设计干预策略来调节GM的组成，作为糖尿病的辅助治疗。

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