Multi-wavelength laparoscopic fluorescence imaging with single-pixel detectors

Abstract

Fluorescence laparoscopy plays a crucial role in minimally invasive surgery. For in vivo fluorescence imaging, the exploration of longer wavelengths is a key strategy to mitigate biological tissue scattering and achieve deeper imaging penetration. However, array cameras commonly employed in laparoscopy are often expensive, structurally complex, and challenging for cross-band imaging, which significantly constrains the application and advancement of long-wavelength fluorescence in laparoscopy. In contrast, the single-pixel camera, which is not limited by band constraints, offers the potential for full-band imaging at a lower cost. Furthermore, their robust low-light imaging capabilities render them well-suited for fluorescence-based applications. This paper firstly presents the development of a novel single-pixel laparoscopic endoscopic imaging system (SPLEI). The SPLEI system successfully achieves color and fluorescence imaging across both visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Experimental results, including imaging of live rabbits and biological samples, demonstrate the feasibility of the SPLEI system. This work proposes a promising solution for long-wavelength fluorescence laparoscopy, capable of enhancing surgical precision, reducing surgical risks, improving minimally invasive outcomes, and expanding application scope, holding significant clinical and research value.