Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of Aesculus indica (Wall. ex cambess.) Hook. leaf extracts along an altitudinal gradient in the Garhwal Himalaya

IF 1.4 4区生物学 Q4 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI:10.1016/j.bse.2025.105064

Namita Khantwal, C.M. Sharma, Sumeet Gairola

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Abstract

Aesculus indica (Indian Horse Chestnut), a medicinal plant native to the Himalayan moist temperate forests, was investigated for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties across different altitudes. Leaf samples were collected from three sites in the Garhwal Himalaya: Khirsu (1807 m), Adwani Forest (2109 m), and Kanchula-Kharak (2637 m). Sequential extraction using acetone, methanol, and water was performed. Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli was assessed via agar well diffusion, while antioxidant capacity was measured using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays. GC-MS analysis identified key phytochemicals and their variation with altitude. The methanol extract from the highest altitude (Kanchula-Kharak) demonstrated the most potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with a maximum inhibition zone of 22.33 ± 1.53 mm and the lowest MIC (7.50 mg/mL) and MBC (15 mg/mL) values observed in the acetone extract. Antioxidant assays revealed the highest DPPH scavenging (IC₅₀ 27.87 ± 4.47 μg/mL) and ABTS inhibition (94.46 ± 1.27 %) in Kanchula-Kharak extracts, while the Adwani Forest methanol extract exhibited the highest FRAP value (62.65 ± 1.97 mmol Fe²⁺E/mg). GC-MS profiling revealed diverse phytocompounds, primarily triterpenoids, fatty acids, lipids, and hydrocarbons. Both antibacterial and antioxidant activities increased significantly with altitude. These findings suggest that altitude positively influences the medicinal potential of A. indica, highlighting potential harvesting sites and their value for herbal formulation.

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七叶菜的抗菌和抗氧化作用。cambess交货)。钩。沿海拔梯度在加尔瓦尔喜马拉雅的叶提取物

研究了喜玛拉雅湿温带森林原产药用植物七叶树（Aesculus indica，印度七叶树）在不同海拔地区的抗菌和抗氧化性能。在Garhwal喜马拉雅地区的三个地点采集了树叶样本：Khirsu (1807 m), Adwani Forest （2109 m）和Kanchula-Kharak （2637 m）。用丙酮、甲醇和水依次提取。通过琼脂孔扩散法评估对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠杆菌的抗菌活性，同时通过DPPH、FRAP和ABTS测定抗氧化能力。GC-MS分析确定了关键植物化学物质及其随海拔的变化。最高海拔地区（Kanchula-Kharak）甲醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性最强，其最大抑菌带为22.33±1.53 mm，最低MIC （7.50 mg/mL）和MBC （15 mg/mL）。抗氧化实验结果显示，Kanchula-Kharak提取物具有最高的DPPH清除率（IC50为27.87±4.47 μg/mL）和ABTS抑制率（94.46±1.27%），而Adwani Forest甲醇提取物具有最高的FRAP值（62.65±1.97 mmol Fe2+E/mg）。GC-MS分析显示了多种植物化合物，主要是三萜、脂肪酸、脂类和碳氢化合物。抗菌和抗氧化活性随海拔的升高而显著增加。这些研究结果表明，海拔对籼稻的药用潜力有积极影响，突出了潜在的采收地点及其在草药配方中的价值。

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来源期刊

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 生物-进化生物学

CiteScore

3.00

自引率

12.50%

发文量

147

审稿时长

43 days

期刊介绍： Biochemical Systematics and Ecology is devoted to the publication of original papers and reviews, both submitted and invited, in two subject areas: I) the application of biochemistry to problems relating to systematic biology of organisms (biochemical systematics); II) the role of biochemistry in interactions between organisms or between an organism and its environment (biochemical ecology). In the Biochemical Systematics subject area, comparative studies of the distribution of (secondary) metabolites within a wider taxon (e.g. genus or family) are welcome. Comparative studies, encompassing multiple accessions of each of the taxa within their distribution are particularly encouraged. Welcome are also studies combining classical chemosystematic studies (such as comparative HPLC-MS or GC-MS investigations) with (macro-) molecular phylogenetic studies. Studies that involve the comparative use of compounds to help differentiate among species such as adulterants or substitutes that illustrate the applied use of chemosystematics are welcome. In contrast, studies solely employing macromolecular phylogenetic techniques (gene sequences, RAPD studies etc.) will be considered out of scope. Discouraged are manuscripts that report known or new compounds from a single source taxon without addressing a systematic hypothesis. Also considered out of scope are studies using outdated and hard to reproduce macromolecular techniques such as RAPDs in combination with standard chemosystematic techniques such as GC-FID and GC-MS.