Xiangjun Deng , Kaijun Wang , Yunping Li , Nanlin He , Yafei Wang , Junkai Li , Jiangfeng Mou , Weijun Zhang , Feng Liu , Jin Hu
{"title":"Superior anti-oxidation performance of Ga-Al alloy on tungsten wire based on in-situ induced self-healing mechanism","authors":"Xiangjun Deng , Kaijun Wang , Yunping Li , Nanlin He , Yafei Wang , Junkai Li , Jiangfeng Mou , Weijun Zhang , Feng Liu , Jin Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107283","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The service life of tungsten wires in an atmospheric environment is not ideal since the tungsten wires were prone to oxidation when electrified in the air. As a novel coating material to fabricate high-temperature anti-oxidation coatings on the surface of tungsten wires, liquid gallium‑aluminum alloy (Ga-Al) was developed by the simple method of melting metallic gallium and aluminum foil. After a brief period of electrical heating, an outer layer of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was generated by the oxidation of Ga-Al alloy coating, and finally formed a bilayer composite coating containing Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and liquid metallic Ga-Al on the surface of tungsten wire. The outer Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> layer not only effectively prevents the tungsten wire from oxidation, but also ensures the secure containment of the internal Ga-Al liquid metal. The inner layer of liquid metallic Ga-Al effectively solves the mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and the substrate, significantly enhancing the integrity of the coating. Besides, the internal can regenerate a new protective Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> cover based on the self-healing mechanism of liquid metal, even when the outer Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> layer fractures. Consequently, the Ga-Al composite coating significantly prolongs the service life of tungsten wires from 16 min to more than 24 h in an atmospheric environment. The efficient dual antioxidant strategy, namely the formed Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> layer and the self-healing Ga-Al liquid metal, was first proposed as a novel approach to prevent the oxidation of tungsten wires.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 107283"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263436825002483","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The service life of tungsten wires in an atmospheric environment is not ideal since the tungsten wires were prone to oxidation when electrified in the air. As a novel coating material to fabricate high-temperature anti-oxidation coatings on the surface of tungsten wires, liquid gallium‑aluminum alloy (Ga-Al) was developed by the simple method of melting metallic gallium and aluminum foil. After a brief period of electrical heating, an outer layer of Al2O3 was generated by the oxidation of Ga-Al alloy coating, and finally formed a bilayer composite coating containing Al2O3 and liquid metallic Ga-Al on the surface of tungsten wire. The outer Al2O3 layer not only effectively prevents the tungsten wire from oxidation, but also ensures the secure containment of the internal Ga-Al liquid metal. The inner layer of liquid metallic Ga-Al effectively solves the mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between Al2O3 and the substrate, significantly enhancing the integrity of the coating. Besides, the internal can regenerate a new protective Ga2O3 cover based on the self-healing mechanism of liquid metal, even when the outer Al2O3 layer fractures. Consequently, the Ga-Al composite coating significantly prolongs the service life of tungsten wires from 16 min to more than 24 h in an atmospheric environment. The efficient dual antioxidant strategy, namely the formed Al2O3 layer and the self-healing Ga-Al liquid metal, was first proposed as a novel approach to prevent the oxidation of tungsten wires.
期刊介绍:
The International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials (IJRMHM) publishes original research articles concerned with all aspects of refractory metals and hard materials. Refractory metals are defined as metals with melting points higher than 1800 °C. These are tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, niobium, hafnium, and rhenium, as well as many compounds and alloys based thereupon. Hard materials that are included in the scope of this journal are defined as materials with hardness values higher than 1000 kg/mm2, primarily intended for applications as manufacturing tools or wear resistant components in mechanical systems. Thus they encompass carbides, nitrides and borides of metals, and related compounds. A special focus of this journal is put on the family of hardmetals, which is also known as cemented tungsten carbide, and cermets which are based on titanium carbide and carbonitrides with or without a metal binder. Ceramics and superhard materials including diamond and cubic boron nitride may also be accepted provided the subject material is presented as hard materials as defined above.