Impact of thixoforging and post-thixoforging T6 heat treatment on the microstructural, mechanical, and tribological properties of AA2024 alloy fabricated by powder metallurgy

IF 5.5 3区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers Pub Date : 2025-06-17 DOI:10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106239

Furkan Berkay Tamer, Aykut Çanakçı, Müslim Çelebi

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

AA2024 alloy is known for its high strength and wear resistance, but conventional manufacturing methods have limitations such as micro-porosity. This study aims to overcome these limitations by applying thixoforging and T6 heat treatment to AA2024 alloy produced via powder metallurgy.

Methods

In this study, AA2024 alloy was fabricated by powder metallurgy, and the effect of thixoforging and post-thixoforging T6 heat treatment on the microstructural, mechanical, and tribological properties were analyzed using optical and SEM microscopy, density measurements, hardness and tensile strength tests, and ball-on-disk wear tests.

Significant Findings

Thixoforging at 595 °C, 615 °C, and 635 °C significantly enhanced material characteristics by reducing porosity, refining the grain structure, and achieving a maximum relative density of 99.45 %. T6 heat treatment further strengthened the alloy by promoting the precipitation of Al₂Cu and Al₂CuMg phases. Results showed that hardness increased approximately up to 48 % after thixoforging, with an additional 22 % improvement following T6 treatment compared to untreated AA2024 alloy. Besides, yield strength rose by 52 %, while ultimate tensile strength improved by 58 %, driven by precipitation hardening. Tribological evaluations revealed an 85 % reduction in wear rate post-thixoforging, further decreasing after heat treatment due to enhanced oxide film formation. The dominant wear mechanism transitioned from adhesive wear and delamination to predominantly abrasive wear.

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触变锻造和触变后T6热处理对粉末冶金制备AA2024合金组织、力学和摩擦学性能的影响

daa2024合金以其高强度和耐磨性而闻名，但传统的制造方法存在微孔隙等局限性。本研究旨在通过对粉末冶金生产的AA2024合金进行触变锻造和T6热处理来克服这些局限性。方法采用粉末冶金法制备AA2024合金，通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、密度测试、硬度和拉伸强度测试以及球盘磨损测试，分析触变锻造和触变后T6热处理对合金组织、力学和摩擦学性能的影响。在595°C、615°C和635°C的触变锻造条件下，通过减少孔隙率、细化晶粒组织和达到99.45%的最大相对密度，显著提高了材料的性能。T6热处理通过促进Al₂Cu和Al₂CuMg相的析出进一步强化合金。结果表明，触变锻造后的硬度提高了约48%，与未经处理的AA2024合金相比，T6处理后的硬度又提高了22%。在沉淀硬化作用下，屈服强度提高52%，极限抗拉强度提高58%。摩擦学评估显示，触变锻造后的磨损率降低了85%，由于氧化膜的形成增强，热处理后的磨损率进一步降低。主要的磨损机制由粘着磨损和脱层磨损转变为磨粒磨损。

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来源期刊

Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

9.10

自引率

14.00%

发文量

362

审稿时长

35 days

期刊介绍： Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers (formerly known as Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers) publishes original works, from fundamental principles to practical applications, in the broad field of chemical engineering with special focus on three aspects: Chemical and Biomolecular Science and Technology, Energy and Environmental Science and Technology, and Materials Science and Technology. Authors should choose for their manuscript an appropriate aspect section and a few related classifications when submitting to the journal online.