Epigenetics: the link between environmental exposures and autoimmune diseases

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) comprise a highly heterogeneous group of disorders with significant morbidity, disability, and mortality. Growing scientific evidence has suggested the interactions between genetic and environmental factors robustly involving in the pathogenesis of AIDs. Epigenetics serves as a critical bridge linking between gene expression patterns and external environmental stimuli. Several research areas have emerged to investigate these epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs. On the other hand, epidemiological studies have well-established the marked relationship between the occurrence and development of AIDs and environmental exposures, especially chemical, physical, and biologic factors. However, the knowledge gap between the role of specific external agents in the development of AIDs and the impact of epigenetic signatures has not been filled. This review synthesizes recent findings AID-associated environmental factors, their role in the development of AIDs, and their interactions with genetics and influence on epigenetic modifications. We also discuss the tool for assessing causal relationships between environmental risks and clinical intervention trials to prevent disease progression. In all, precise understanding of the underlying mechanisms between epigenetics and environmental risk factors is crucial for timely prevention and treatment to improve AIDs outcomes.