Affordable efficiency gains integrating perovskite-silicon tandems in next-generation photovoltaic systems

Abstract

Perovskite silicon tandem solar cells suggest a promising pathway to surpass the efficiency limits of traditional photovoltaics while remaining cost-competitive. In this study, a whole modeling process was endeavor to optimize perovskite-silicon tandem module production and deployment. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) yielded optimal parameters for manufacturing which are a coating speed of 10.00 m/min, an annealing temperature of 151.48°C, and a material thickness of 0.79 μm, resulting in an overall yield of 79.9 % and a defect rate of approximately 10.3 %. The manufactured cost was simulated at $0.387/W, significantly lower than the range of current industry benchmarks ($0.50-$1.00/W), prospects for a reduction to $0.25/W are promising within seven years. The simulated 25.4 % efficiency of modules provides ample room for improvement against our current best, of 34.6 % in laboratory conditions. Energy yield simulations of the module during every specific climate type: desert, temperate, tropical, and northern–showed how performance varies by location, with the Mojave Desert producing the lowest LCOE ($0.061/kWh) and highest performance ratio (0.76). Thus our model enables the efficiency-cost interactive exploration paradigm through the conjunction of manufacturing process optimization, production scale-up plans, and location-specific deployment strategies. Our simulation results were validated against National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) benchmark data, confirming the model's reliability and practical relevance for commercial implementation planning. This work, therefore, sets the stage for affordable and high-efficiency photovoltaic systems through systematic optimization of manufacturing processes and deployment conditions.