Nonenzymatic glucose sensing using ultrafine copper halide catalyst integrated with electrochemical and microcontroller devices

Abstract

Glucose detection is important in the field of clinical medicine, particularly when it comes to diagnosing and managing diabetes. Recently there has been a surge of interest in developing non-enzymatic glucose sensors. The advancements in non-enzymatic glucose sensors have shown significant progress, making them a focal point of research and development in diagnostics. This study presents the synthesis, characterization and application of polyaniline-stabilized copper iodide nanoparticles for glucose sensing. The copper iodide nanoparticles were synthesized through a modified in-situ polymerization and composite formation route. X-ray diffraction analysis verified the formation of cubic copper iodide (γ-CuI), while transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that particles were distributed within the polymeric matrix, ranging within the size from 4 to 12 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy further validated the formation of copper (I) iodide and polyaniline. The catalyst-modified electrode was evaluated in a three-electrode setup and demonstrated enhanced electrocatalytic activity for glucose oxidation under alkaline media. A microcontroller-based glucose sensor, integrating an Arduino Uno R4 Wi-Fi module, was developed for real-time monitoring, with data transmission to the ThingSpeak cloud platform. The system exhibited a stable and reproducible response, highlighting the potential of synthesized material as a cost-effective and efficient material for non-enzymatic glucose sensing.