Unlocking the Anti-Phytopathogenic Potential of Essential Oils: A Systematic Review of Plant-Based Botrytis cinerea Management for Regenerative Viticulture and Horticultural Products

Abstract

In the context of regenerative agriculture, essential oils (EOs) are emerging as promising alternatives for managing Botrytis cinerea, a highly destructive phytopathogen responsible for significant agricultural losses. This systematic review analyzed 76 eligible articles highlighting increased research activity since 2020, predominantly addressing in vitro antifungal activity, with emerging interest in nanotechnological formulations and field trials. Thymol- and carvacrol-rich EOs demonstrate the highest efficacy. Preliminary findings on microencapsulation and nanoemulsions indicate advancements in stability, solubility, and controlled release, enhancing the EO effectiveness. However, the development of EO-based biopesticides faces challenges due to volatility, lipophilicity, and production costs. Addressing these limitations through innovative formulations and standardizing extraction processes could pave the way for integrating EOs into sustainable pest management systems in viticulture and horticulture. This review also provides critical insights into the current technological readiness levels of EO-based anti-Botrytis products, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary research to transition laboratory findings into viable commercial solutions.