Association between high occupational physical workload and ischemic heart disease, and the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness in 284,436 Swedish men.

Abstract

Aim: To investigate the association between high occupational physical workload in mid-life and subsequent ischemic heart disease (IHD), and if this association is influenced by cardiorespiratory fitness assessed in youth.

Methods: A total of 284 436 men, born 1951-1961, were compared in terms of occupational physical workload assessed with a job exposure matrix in 2005 (age 44-54) and followed up regarding IHD incidence and mortality, between 2006-2020 (age 45-69). Cardiorespiratory fitness in youth was assessed during military conscription, using a maximal cycle test. Cox regression and additive interaction modelling, using the synergy index (SI), were applied.

Results: High occupational physical workload in mid-life was associated with an increased risk of incident IHD (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.29-1.39) and IHD mortality (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.75-2.14), compared to having low occupational physical workload. The associations attenuated with adjustments for early life factors, e.g. socioeconomic position, body mass index, blood pressure, and highest attained education. However, they remained statistically significant; HR 1.06 (95 % CI 1.02-1.11) for incident IHD and HR 1.38 (95% CI 1.23-1.55) for IHD mortality. Having both low cardiorespiratory fitness in youth and later high physical workload showed the highest risk, indicating an additive interaction, but the SI was non-significant.

Conclusion: High occupational physical workload in mid-life was associated with increased risks of IHD incidence and mortality. The combination of low fitness and high workload showed the highest risks. These results encourage both workplace and public health interventions for variation in occupational physical workload and improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness.