Optimization of hybrid solar/wind/biomass systems for sustainable heating in isolated mountainous areas of northern Morocco

Abstract

This study investigates the techno-economic and environmental feasibility of an integrated renewable energy system tailored for cold regions in northern Morocco. The main novelty of this work lies in the integration of PV, biomass generator (BMG), batteries, thermal load controller (TLC), and a biodiesel-based boiler specifically optimized for sustainable heating applications in isolated mountainous regions—a rarely studied configuration in the context of Morocco’s unique climatic and infrastructural constraints. Sensitivity analyses evaluated variations in solar irradiation, wind speed, and biodiesel fuel prices, demonstrating the system’s adaptability and cost-effectiveness. It achieves a Net Present Cost (NPC) of 16.476 billion dollars (B$) and could reduce CO₂ emissions by 4,989,457 tons/year compared to diesel systems. Biodiesel emerged as the most sustainable fuel option, aligning with Morocco’s renewable energy goals. The system’s flexibility in meeting seasonal energy demands, particularly for winter heating in Chefchaouen province, was highlighted. Further investigation into selling excess energy to the grid during summer months is proposed. This study underscores the hybrid system’s potential to enhance energy security, reduce environmental impact, and stimulate rural economic growth.