A comprehensive review of using nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy: Pros and Cons of clinical usage.

IF 2.9 4区生物学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

3 Biotech Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-09 DOI:10.1007/s13205-025-04362-x

Hebah Rashid, Swati Acharya, Huzaifa Muhammad, Mohammad Azhar Aziz

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Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy utilizes the immune system to selectively destroy malignant cells. Its effectiveness is often undermined by inadequate immune system activation, immune evasion by tumors, and off-target damage. Nanotechnology has the potential to address these challenges by improving the targeting and delivery of therapeutic agents to the immune system. This review shows that nanoparticles can significantly enhance cancer diagnostics, assist in both passive and active tumor targeting, and improve the delivery of immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapies. It is demonstrated that the size and surface charge of nanoparticles, along with functionalization of their components, impact the delivery of therapies and the resulting therapeutic effects. Comparative analyses indicate that organic nanoparticles like PLGA may have lower biocompatibility and higher immunotoxicity compared to inorganic nanoparticles. The use of nanoparticles in combination with radiotherapy also enhances tumor radiosensitization and modulates the immune system, leading to greater tumor regression and improved survival in preclinical models. However, controversies remain regarding nanoparticle immunotoxicity, aggregation, and organ-specific accumulation, which are related to their composition and surface properties. Manufacturing scalability and regulatory hurdles further limit clinical translation. Overall, optimizing nanoparticle design and targeting strategies is essential for maximizing therapeutic efficacy and safety, supporting the advancement of personalized cancer immunotherapies.

Graphical abstract:

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纳米材料在癌症免疫治疗中的应用综述：临床应用的利弊。

癌症免疫疗法利用免疫系统选择性地摧毁恶性细胞。由于免疫系统激活不足、肿瘤免疫逃避和脱靶损伤，其有效性经常被削弱。纳米技术具有解决这些挑战的潜力，它可以改善治疗药物对免疫系统的靶向性和递送。这篇综述表明，纳米颗粒可以显著增强癌症诊断，辅助被动和主动肿瘤靶向，并改善免疫检查点抑制剂、癌症疫苗和过继细胞疗法的递送。研究表明，纳米颗粒的大小和表面电荷，以及其成分的功能化，影响治疗的递送和由此产生的治疗效果。对比分析表明，与无机纳米颗粒相比，PLGA等有机纳米颗粒可能具有较低的生物相容性和较高的免疫毒性。在临床前模型中，纳米颗粒与放疗联合使用还可以增强肿瘤的放射致敏性并调节免疫系统，从而导致肿瘤更大程度的消退和生存率的提高。然而，关于纳米颗粒的免疫毒性、聚集性和器官特异性积累，仍存在争议，这与纳米颗粒的组成和表面性质有关。制造的可扩展性和监管障碍进一步限制了临床转化。总的来说，优化纳米颗粒设计和靶向策略对于最大限度地提高治疗效果和安全性，支持个性化癌症免疫治疗的进展至关重要。图形化的简介:

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来源期刊

3 Biotech Agricultural and Biological Sciences-Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)

CiteScore

6.00

自引率

0.00%

发文量

314

期刊介绍： 3 Biotech publishes the results of the latest research related to the study and application of biotechnology to: - Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - Agriculture - The Environment The focus on these three technology sectors recognizes that complete Biotechnology applications often require a combination of techniques. 3 Biotech not only presents the latest developments in biotechnology but also addresses the problems and benefits of integrating a variety of techniques for a particular application. 3 Biotech will appeal to scientists and engineers in both academia and industry focused on the safe and efficient application of Biotechnology to Medicine, Agriculture and the Environment.