Versatile Eco-Friendly Activated Carbon–Based Green Catalysts: Energy and Environmental Applications

Abstract

Biomass-derived activated carbon (AC) offers a sustainable solution for energy and environmental applications. Compared to coal-based AC, biomass-derived AC reduces environmental impact while maintaining high porosity and adsorption capacity. Its synthesis involves carbonization and activation, enhancing porosity and adsorption properties. Efficiency depends on particle size, surface area, pore structure, and functional groups. Smaller particles and higher surface areas enhance adsorption, whereas micropores serve as primary adsorption sites. Functional groups influence chemical interactions. Regeneration methods extend usability. AC-based catalysts improve hydrogen production and biodiesel synthesis. In wastewater treatment, iron oxide–impregnated AC enhances dye removal, whereas titania/AC composites boost photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. AC also plays a crucial role in carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture, with potassium hydroxide (KOH)-synthesized AC optimizing micropore formation. AC faces challenges in biomass supply, logistics, regeneration efficiency, and adsorption selectivity, requiring innovative activation methods and surface modifications.