Nanoparticle-based approaches for vascular inflammation in managing hypertension: advancing molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies.

Abstract

Hypertension is a global health challenge associated with significant morbidity and mortality resulting from vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Chronic hypertension is characterised by endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, immune cell recruitment, and cytokine release, all of which exacerbate vascular inflammation. Despite the availability of various antihypertensive therapies, limitations such as drug resistance and suboptimal targeting hinder their efficacy and reveal their side effects. Nanoparticle-based strategies could present innovative solutions by enabling precise drug delivery, minimising off-target effects, and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Dual-targeting approaches that focus on molecular mechanistic pathways for managing hypertension using nanoparticle-based methods allow targeted modulation of inflammatory pathways as well. This advancement aids in redefining the management of vascular inflammation as a transformative frontier in antihypertensive therapy, addressing the unmet need for targeted, efficient, and patient-tailored treatment strategies. This review outlines the inflammatory pathophysiology underlying vascular hypertension and underscores the necessity of integrating knowledge gaps while inspiring innovative approaches to combat hypertension effectively. It concludes by identifying potential obstacles and solutions to overcome in order to successfully translate such nano-derived therapies into clinical practice applications.