Pattern of salt intake among Iranian hypertensive patients: insights from the 2021 STEPS study.

IF 1.8 Q4 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Pub Date : 2025-06-07 eCollection Date: 2025-06-01 DOI:10.1007/s40200-025-01649-x

Amirhossein Ghaseminejad-Raeini, Keyvan Karimi, Nazila Rezaei, Yosra Azizpour, Moloud Payab, Mojtaba Lotfaliany, Mina Mirzad, Ali Golestani, Soroush Mozafari, Mahnaz Pejman Sani, Samaneh Akbarpour

{"title":"Pattern of salt intake among Iranian hypertensive patients: insights from the 2021 STEPS study.","authors":"Amirhossein Ghaseminejad-Raeini, Keyvan Karimi, Nazila Rezaei, Yosra Azizpour, Moloud Payab, Mojtaba Lotfaliany, Mina Mirzad, Ali Golestani, Soroush Mozafari, Mahnaz Pejman Sani, Samaneh Akbarpour","doi":"10.1007/s40200-025-01649-x","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Excessive salt intake is a global health concern, particularly for individuals with hypertension (HTN). Limited research has examined the relationship between salt consumption and blood pressure control in Iranians. This study aimed to evaluate daily salt intake among hypertensive Iranians and its association with blood pressure management.Methods: Data were obtained from Iran's 2021 STEPS survey. Sample hypertensive patients were defined by self-report, antihypertensive medication use, or blood pressure (BP) measurements (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg). Daily salt intake was estimated using the Tanaka method based on spot urine sodium levels and categorized based on calculated quartiles. BP was analyzed in both continuous and binary forms (controlled/uncontrolled). Logistic regression was applied to assess relationship between daily salt intake and uncontrolled hypertension as outcome.Results: The final analysis included 6,795 participants who were divided into four quartiles according to their daily salt intake. With a mean daily salt intake of 10.1 g [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 9.9-10.3], participants with undiagnosed hypertension consumed the most salt, (10.1 g [95% CI: 9.9-10.3], p = 0.002). With odds ratios (ORs) of 1.42 [95% CI: 1.16-1.74] (p = 0.001) and 1.32 [95% CI: 1.07-1.63] (p = 0.008), respectively, the third and fourth quartiles in the crude model showed noticeably higher odds of uncontrolled hypertension than the lowest quartile. Following the full adjustment model, the odds of uncontrolled hypertension were not significantly different in the fourth quartile compared to the first quartile (OR = 1.10 [95% CI: 0.87-1.39]; p = 0.404).Conclusions: Since increased salt intake raises SBP and DBP, particularly in those who are unaware of their condition, this study emphasizes the urgent need for public health interventions, such as nutritional counselling for low-salt diet, to reduce salt intake, especially in the Iranian population suffering from hypertension.","PeriodicalId":15635,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"24 1","pages":"142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145363/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-025-01649-x","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/6/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Objectives: Excessive salt intake is a global health concern, particularly for individuals with hypertension (HTN). Limited research has examined the relationship between salt consumption and blood pressure control in Iranians. This study aimed to evaluate daily salt intake among hypertensive Iranians and its association with blood pressure management.

Methods: Data were obtained from Iran's 2021 STEPS survey. Sample hypertensive patients were defined by self-report, antihypertensive medication use, or blood pressure (BP) measurements (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg). Daily salt intake was estimated using the Tanaka method based on spot urine sodium levels and categorized based on calculated quartiles. BP was analyzed in both continuous and binary forms (controlled/uncontrolled). Logistic regression was applied to assess relationship between daily salt intake and uncontrolled hypertension as outcome.

Results: The final analysis included 6,795 participants who were divided into four quartiles according to their daily salt intake. With a mean daily salt intake of 10.1 g [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 9.9-10.3], participants with undiagnosed hypertension consumed the most salt, (10.1 g [95% CI: 9.9-10.3], p = 0.002). With odds ratios (ORs) of 1.42 [95% CI: 1.16-1.74] (p = 0.001) and 1.32 [95% CI: 1.07-1.63] (p = 0.008), respectively, the third and fourth quartiles in the crude model showed noticeably higher odds of uncontrolled hypertension than the lowest quartile. Following the full adjustment model, the odds of uncontrolled hypertension were not significantly different in the fourth quartile compared to the first quartile (OR = 1.10 [95% CI: 0.87-1.39]; p = 0.404).

Conclusions: Since increased salt intake raises SBP and DBP, particularly in those who are unaware of their condition, this study emphasizes the urgent need for public health interventions, such as nutritional counselling for low-salt diet, to reduce salt intake, especially in the Iranian population suffering from hypertension.

查看原文本刊更多论文

伊朗高血压患者的盐摄入模式：来自2021年STEPS研究的见解

目的：盐摄入过多是一个全球性的健康问题，特别是对于高血压患者（HTN）。有限的研究调查了伊朗人的盐摄入量和血压控制之间的关系。本研究旨在评估伊朗高血压患者每日盐摄入量及其与血压管理的关系。方法：数据来自伊朗2021年STEPS调查。通过自我报告、抗高血压药物使用或血压（BP）测量（收缩压≥140 mmHg或舒张压≥90 mmHg）来定义样本高血压患者。每日盐摄入量使用Tanaka方法估算，基于现场尿钠水平，并根据计算的四分位数进行分类。BP以连续和二进制形式（受控/非受控）进行分析。采用Logistic回归评估每日盐摄入量与未控制的高血压之间的关系。结果：最终的分析包括6795名参与者，他们根据每天的盐摄入量被分成四个四分位数。平均每日盐摄入量为10.1 g[95%可信区间（CI）： 9.9-10.3]，未确诊的高血压患者摄入的盐最多（10.1 g [95% CI: 9.9-10.3], p = 0.002）。比值比（or）分别为1.42 [95% CI: 1.16-1.74] （p = 0.001）和1.32 [95% CI: 1.07-1.63] (p = 0.008)，粗模型中第三和第四个四分位数的高血压不受控制的几率明显高于最低四分位数。在完全调整模型下，第四个四分位数与第一个四分位数相比，高血压未控制的几率没有显著差异(OR = 1.10 [95% CI: 0.87-1.39]；p = 0.404)。结论：由于盐摄入量增加会提高收缩压和舒张压，特别是在那些不知道自己病情的人，本研究强调迫切需要进行公共卫生干预，例如低盐饮食的营养咨询，以减少盐摄入量，特别是在患有高血压的伊朗人口中。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Medicine-Internal Medicine

CiteScore

4.80

自引率

3.60%

发文量

210

期刊介绍： Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders is a peer reviewed journal which publishes original clinical and translational articles and reviews in the field of endocrinology and provides a forum of debate of the highest quality on these issues. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, diabetes, lipid disorders, metabolic disorders, osteoporosis, interdisciplinary practices in endocrinology, cardiovascular and metabolic risk, aging research, obesity, traditional medicine, pychosomatic research, behavioral medicine, ethics and evidence-based practices.As of Jan 2018 the journal is published by Springer as a hybrid journal with no article processing charges. All articles published before 2018 are available free of charge on springerlink.Unofficial 2017 2-year Impact Factor: 1.816.