Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues for premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

Abstract

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a psychological and somatic disorder affecting 20% to 30% of women of reproductive age. PMS results from ovulation: symptoms recur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and remit by the end of menstruation. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of PMS experienced by three to eight per cent of menstruating women. In this review, we use the term PMS to cover all core premenstrual disorders, including PMDD. The symptoms of all types are severe enough to affect daily functioning, interfering with work, school performance or interpersonal relationships. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues are a pharmacological treatment to suppress ovulation. They can be administered as GnRH-agonists or GnRH-antagonists, though currently, GnRH-antagonists are not generally used to treat PMS. Suppressing ovarian function induces a hypo-oestrogenic state that can cause menopausal side effects such as hot flushes and mood changes. Having menopausal side effects instead of PMS symptoms can be distressing and can confuse clinical management. Longer-term GnRH therapy carries the risk of osteoporosis. To counteract these adverse effects, oestrogen or progestogen can be added to the PMS treatment; this is known as 'add-back' therapy or simply 'add-back'. Add-back may reduce menopausal side effects, allowing GnRH therapy to be used for a longer period without reducing efficacy.

Objectives: To evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness and safety (adverse effects) of GnRH analogues (agonists or antagonists), with or without add-back, in the management of PMS.

Search methods: A Cochrane Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility (CGF) Group trials register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and two trials registers on 29 May 2023. We also checked reference lists and contacted study authors and subject experts to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of GnRH analogues used in the management of PMS in women of reproductive age with PMS diagnosed by at least two prospective menstrual cycles and no current psychiatric disorder. Control conditions could be no treatment, placebo, another type of GnRH, another dosage of GnRH or add-back.

Data collection and analysis: We used the standard methodological procedures recommended by Cochrane. Our primary outcomes were overall severity of PMS symptoms (global symptoms), quality of life and adverse events.

Main results: The review found 11 RCTs that analysed results from 275 women. The evidence is of very low to high certainty. The evidence is limited by serious imprecision due to low sample sizes and a high risk of bias related to blinding and attrition. Quality of life and long-term effects on bones were not reported in the studies. Most studies did not report on all our adverse events of interest; some did not report on any of them. We found no RCTs that evaluated GnRH antagonists. GnRH agonists (without add-back) versus placebo GnRH agonists (without add-back) improve global symptoms compared to placebo (SMD -1.23, 95% CI -1.76 to -0.71; 9 RCTs, 173 women, effective sample size 278; I² = 72%; high-certainty evidence). GnRH agonists may increase the risk of menopausal side effects compared to placebo (RR 1.93, 95% CI 0.83 to 4.48; 2 RCTs, 23 women, effective sample size 31; low-certainty evidence). If the risk of menopausal side effects with placebo is 21%, the risk with GnRH agonist without add-back would be between 18% and 96%. Seven RCTs reported on withdrawals from the study due to adverse events (though data extraction was not possible for one of these studies). Women using GnRH agonists have a higher risk of withdrawing due to adverse events than women using placebo (RR 4.24, 95% CI 1.10 to 16.36; 6 RCTs, 140 women, effective sample size 252; high-certainty evidence). If the risk of withdrawal from the study is 0.8% with placebo, the withdrawal risk with GnRH agonist without add-back would be between 0.8% and 13%. GnRH agonists (with add-back) versus placebo GnRH agonists with add-back may improve global symptoms compared to placebo (MD -3.89, 95% CI -6.19 to -1.59; 1 RCT, 31 women; low-certainty evidence). We are very uncertain of the effect on withdrawal due to adverse events (RR 2.86, 95% CI 0.12 to 66.44; 1 RCT, 41 women; very low-certainty evidence). Add-back versus placebo add-back during GnRH agonist treatment The evidence of add-back versus placebo during GnRH agonist treatment was too imprecise to decide if there was an effect on global symptoms. The analysis was stratified by type of add-back (tibolone or oestrogen/progesterone). One RCT investigated the effect of tibolone as add-back and found insufficient information to decide if there was an effect on global symptoms (SMD -0.37, 95% CI -0.11 to 0.38; 1 RCT, 28 women; very low-certainty evidence). One RCT investigated the effect of oestrogen plus cyclical progestogen as add-back and found evidence that it may worsen global symptoms compared to placebo (SMD 0.90, 95% CI 0.17 to 1.63; 1 RCT, 32 women; low-certainty evidence). We are very uncertain of the effect of tibolone on withdrawal due to adverse events (RR not estimable; 1 RCT, 28 women; very low-certainty evidence), and of oestrogen plus cyclical progestogen (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.06 to 13.48; 1 RCT, 40 women; very low-certainty evidence). Add-back dose comparison (low dose versus standard dose) The evidence was too imprecise to determine if a lower add-back dose during GnRH agonist treatment affected global PMS symptoms (MD -11.90, 95% CI -28.51 to 4.71; 1 RCT, 15 women; low-certainty evidence).

Authors' conclusions: This review found that GnRH agonists without add-back improved global symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. However, the induced menopausal side effects and potential complications preclude long-term use. We found insufficient evidence to suggest that side effects can be reduced by 'add-back' without decreasing the global efficacy of GnRH agonists. Further RCTs of GnRH agonists with add-back and long-term follow-up are therefore needed to provide firm conclusions about long-term use. Until data are available to confirm or refute the safety of this combination, GnRH agonists with or without add-back can be administered to provide a short-term break from PMS symptoms. Future studies should attempt to assess the risk of osteoporosis.