Graphene Derivatives as Efficient Transducing Materials for Covalent Immobilization of Biocomponents in Electrochemical Biosensors

Abstract

This review highlights the role of graphene derivatives in advancing electrochemical biosensors for applications in diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and industrial sensing. Graphene derivatives, including graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO, and wide range of graphenes prepared via fluorographene chemistry, represent a prominent class of transducing materials in electrochemical biosensor development. Their ability to support covalent immobilization of biocomponents ensures stability, specificity, and long-term performance, addressing limitations of noncovalent methods. Advances in fabrication, such as laser-assisted reduction, enable scalable and cost-effective production of conductive graphene-based electrodes. Covalent functionalization techniques, like carbodiimide coupling and click chemistry, facilitate integration with bioreceptors, leading to highly selective biosensors. Emerging approaches, including inkjet printing of graphene-based inks onto eco-friendly substrates, promise sustainable and portable diagnostic devices. These advances support biosensors aligned with modern and sustainable technologies. Future efforts must focus on scalable production, improved multiplexing, and environmental sustainability to fully harness the potential of graphene derivatives in electrochemical biosensors.