Recent trends in physio-chemo technologies and their role in dyes removal: Effectiveness, benefits, and limitations

Abstract

Industrial wastewater dyes removal is important to decrease environmental pollution and protect public health. The efficiency, benefits, and challenges of major physical and chemical techniques used for dye removal are discussed in this review. Yet physical methods such as the adsorption of dyes through activated carbon, polymers, or nanomaterials have demonstrated good dyes capture from wastewater because of their simplicity and versatility in dealing with various dye types and dye concentrations. However, these are potent methods, but they depend upon frequent regeneration or replacement of adsorbent materials. Advanced oxidation processes and chemical approaches chemically degrade dye molecules into less harmful by-products. The high efficacy of breaking down these dyes was shown using methods such as ozonation, Fenton's reagent, and photocatalysis even at low concentrations. However, these technologies often have higher operational costs and require careful handling of reagents and waste products. Decisions to select an optimal dye removal strategy are conditioned by dye properties, concentration, treatment objectives, and cost factors. This review may help readers to choose the most suitable method for dyes removal.