Encapsulation-Driven Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells: Suppressing Degradation through Hermetic Sealing

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology, offering high efficiency and low production costs. However, their long-term stability remains a major barrier to commercialization. This study uncovers an unexpected degradation pathway in non-hermetic encapsulated perovskite films under illumination, where a decomposition-nucleation-regrowth process leads to a “coral-like” morphology that compromises performance. Hermetic encapsulation, by creating a pressure-sealed environment, effectively suppresses this degradation, stabilizes ion migration, and prevents perovskite crystal reconstruction. Additionally, hermetic encapsulation enhances the thermal, moisture, and photostability of PSC devices, significantly extending their operational lifetimes. These findings emphasize the critical role of encapsulation as an active stabilizer, bridging the gap between laboratory efficiency and commercial viability, and paving the way for durable and reliable perovskite photovoltaics.