Open Frameworks Materials for Nitrogen Electrofixation to Ammonia, Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

IF 13 2区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Small Pub Date : 2025-06-09 DOI:10.1002/smll.202502708

Shihai Cao, Jingyu Lu, Yuntong Sun, Yinghao Li, Zhendong Hao, Jong-Min Lee

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction (eNRR) offers a sustainable and energy-efficient alternative to the conventional Haber-Bosch process for ammonia (NH₃) synthesis, operating under mild conditions with reduced environmental impact. Open framework materials (OFMs), encompassing covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), have emerged as highly promising candidates due to their modular structures, tunable porosity, and adaptable functionalities. This review summarizes recent advancements in OFMs for eNRR, focusing on strategies for selection and design of active centers, regulation of porous structure, and conductivity enhancement strategy, as well as surface functionalization and interface engineering. Key challenges, including structural instability, low intrinsic conductivity, and the complexity of scalable synthesis, are critically analyzed. Advanced characterization methods, theoretical modeling, and machine learning are proposed as innovative tools to overcome these obstacles. Lastly, the potential for industrial-scale applications of OFMs in sustainable NH₃ production is discussed, highlighting their transformative role in eNRR.

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氮电固合氨的开放框架材料，进展，挑战和未来展望。

电化学氮还原（eNRR）为传统的Haber-Bosch合成氨（NH3）工艺提供了一种可持续和节能的替代方案，在温和的条件下运行，减少了对环境的影响。开放框架材料（ofm），包括共价有机框架（COFs）和金属有机框架（MOFs），由于其模块化结构、可调节的孔隙度和适应性功能，已经成为非常有前途的候选材料。本文综述了用于eNRR的ofm的最新进展，重点介绍了活性中心的选择和设计策略，多孔结构的调节，电导率增强策略，以及表面功能化和界面工程。关键挑战，包括结构不稳定性、低固有电导率和可扩展合成的复杂性，进行了批判性分析。提出了先进的表征方法、理论建模和机器学习作为克服这些障碍的创新工具。最后，讨论了ofm在可持续NH3生产中的工业规模应用潜力，强调了它们在eNRR中的变革作用。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Small 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

17.70

自引率

3.80%

发文量

1830

审稿时长

2.1 months

期刊介绍： Small serves as an exceptional platform for both experimental and theoretical studies in fundamental and applied interdisciplinary research at the nano- and microscale. The journal offers a compelling mix of peer-reviewed Research Articles, Reviews, Perspectives, and Comments. With a remarkable 2022 Journal Impact Factor of 13.3 (Journal Citation Reports from Clarivate Analytics, 2023), Small remains among the top multidisciplinary journals, covering a wide range of topics at the interface of materials science, chemistry, physics, engineering, medicine, and biology. Small's readership includes biochemists, biologists, biomedical scientists, chemists, engineers, information technologists, materials scientists, physicists, and theoreticians alike.