Pharmacological Appraisal of Phyllanthus emblica in Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Female Rats Model

Abstract

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrinological condition affecting women of reproductive age. It may lead to insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, obesity, cardiovascular issues, and menstrual irregularities. This study aimed to evaluate the ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus emblica (EEPE) against letrozole-induced PCOS in adult female rats. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of kaempferol, caffeic acid, quercetin, and ferulic acid. Thirty female rats were first divided into two groups: Group I (normal control, n = 5) and a disease control or PCOS group (n = 25). PCOS was induced using letrozole (1 mg/kg, p.o.), the diseased animals were further divided into four groups: Group II (PCOS control, n = 5) and Groups III–VI (treatment groups, n = 5). The induction of the disease was confirmed through weight gain and vaginal smear cytology. After study completion, female rats were euthanized and blood samples were collected for hormonal evaluation and biochemical analysis. Ovaries were dissected and preserved for histopathological study. Study findings revealed that PCOS significantly elevated the insulin, testosterone, and LH levels. Meanwhile, it significantly reduced the FSH level. Similarly, it also aggravated oxidative stress with reduced levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, and higher levels of lipid peroxidation marker (MDA). Treatment with EEPE elevated FSH levels and reduced the elevated levels of insulin and testosterone. PCOS induction increased the number of cystic follicles in the ovary. It reduced the no. of Graafian and mature follicles, while treatment with EEPE reduced cystic follicles and made it possible to mature these cystic follicles into secondary and Graafian follicles. It also improved the oxidation status of ovaries, which resulted in a good impact on ovulation. In conclusion, this study provided pharmacological validation for the efficacy of EEPE in managing PCOS. Its novelty lies in being the first to scientifically authenticate the traditional use of Phyllanthus emblica for PCOS, offering evidence-based support for its folkloric uses.