Enhanced Pixel Antenna Design and Optimization Through Dynamic Updating of Initial Structure

Abstract

Dynamic updating technique for initial structure in pixel antenna design and optimization is proposed. The conventional approach to pixel antenna design employs a fixed initial pixel structure set at the start of the entire process, while rarely studying the setting of the initial structure; therefore, the performance potential is not fully exploited. The proposed approach adaptively updates the initial structure to enhance the performance of the pixel antenna design, aiming to find the optimal initial pixel structure that achieves miniaturization and broadband capabilities. In general, the design procedure starts with an initial structure with relatively big element size and small overall size, then gradually reduces the element size and expands the overall size of the pixel area. A two-port pixel antenna is used as a design example to validate the proposed updating technique. The goal was to design a dual-port pixel antenna operating in the band of 2.4–3.2 GHz, using a miniaturized size. After two rounds of updates, the obtained −10 dB impedance bandwidths increased from 0.44 GHz (2.47–2.91GHz) to 0.75 GHz (2.45–3.20 GHz) and to 1.07 GHz (2.35–3.42 GHz), while having isolation better than −15 dB. The statistical results of 10 optimization runs for 3 initial structures also showed the performance enhancement of each updated initial structure. The proposed updated technology can be applied to other types of pixel antenna designs, with different design specifications.