Development and current status of electrochemical energy storage materials

Abstract

This paper reviews the current development status of electrochemical energy storage materials, focusing on the latest progress of sulfur-based, oxygen-based, and halogen-based batteries. Sulfur-based batteries have the advantages of high theoretical capacity and low cost, but face issues such as polysulfide shuttle effect and lithium dendrite growth. Oxygen-based batteries utilize oxygen as the cathode active material, but are limited by the irreversible decomposition of discharge product Li₂O₂ and slow reaction kinetics. Halogen-based batteries have high safety and cost-effectiveness, but are limited by zinc dendrite and bromine shuttle effects. Through innovative material design and catalytic mechanisms, these batteries have made significant progress in energy density, cycle life, and cost, but still need to overcome core issues in commercialization.