Botanical pesticides as sustainable alternatives for managing lychee fruit borer (Conopomorpha sinensis): Balancing pest control and biodiversity Conservation

Abstract

Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), commonly known as the lychee fruit borer, is a major pest that severely impacts lychee production, causing significant fruit damage and economic losses. Although chemical pesticides, such as beta-cypermethrin, are effective in controlling this pest, their extensive application raises critical issues, including environmental pollution, pest resistance, and a decline in biodiversity within orchard ecosystems. This study evaluated botanical pesticides as sustainable alternatives to chemical controls. Field trials showed that the combined application of rotenone and azadirachtin provided the highest efficacy—exceeding 80% at multiple time points—and significantly reduced fruit infestation compared to beta-cypermethrin. Furthermore, eco-friendly pest management strategies involving botanical pesticides enhanced arthropod biodiversity, supported natural enemies, and contributed to effective pest regulation, thereby fostering a more balanced and resilient agroecosystem. These findings underscore the benefits of adopting botanical pesticides as a sustainable pest management strategy, offering effective control of C. sinensis while preserving ecological health. This approach provides a promising pathway toward sustainable and environmentally responsible lychee production.