Comprehensive effect of the microscale ecological modification driven by Campylopus schmidii on mining contaminated substrates

Abstract

Mosses have significant potential for ecological restoration; however, most studies focus on their role as bioindicators, with limited research on their ecological functions in the recovery of fragile ecosystems such as mining sites. This study investigated the micro-modifying effects of Campylopus schmidii (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger on two typical mining substrates (pyrite dross and coal gangue), comparing metal content, physicochemical properties, morphological structure, and biological activity under moss-covered and bare conditions. The results demonstrated that moss cover significantly reduced the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn in both substrates by 21.25–46.34 %, 14.50–16.69 %, 23.75–52.76 %, and 42.85–68.32 %, respectively, effectively lowering substrate leachate toxicity and improving seed germination index. Additionally, moss cover enhanced substrate properties, increasing total phosphorus, Olsen potassium, total nitrogen, and alkaline nitrogen by 57.43–149.00 %, 93.68–169.74 %, 34.18–52.00 %, and 29.20–73.52 %, respectively. SEM, EDS, and XRD analyses revealed that moss facilitated weathering and soil formation without altering the original substrate structure. Furthermore, moss cover enhanced respiration and enzyme activities and shifted the microbial community toward convergence. This study highlights the pivotal role of moss in substrate improvement and ecological restoration, advancing our understanding of its ecological value in specific environments.