161Tb-Based Anti-L1CAM Radioimmunotherapy Shows Superior Efficacy in Eliminating Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells Compared with 177Lu in Preclinical Models of Ovarian Cancer

Abstract

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are highly tumorigenic, self-renewable cells with a key role in tumor relapse, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Effective CSC-targeted therapies remain an unmet clinical need, strongly dependent on the selection of suitable targets and thorough validation of therapeutic agents. L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is a targetable CSC-associated biomarker aberrantly expressed in various malignancies, including ovarian cancer (OC). ¹⁶¹Tb is attractive for clinical application because of its substantial emission of conversion electrons/Auger electrons as well as β^– emission. Leveraging the high cytotoxicity of conversion electrons/Auger electrons, ¹⁶¹Tb is promising for radioimmunotherapy against radioresistant tumor cells such as CSCs. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of L1CAM⁺/CD133⁺ ovarian CSCs in patient samples and preclinically investigate, in a tumor prevention mouse model, ¹⁶¹Tb-based anti-L1CAM radioimmunotherapy as a new therapeutic modality against CSCs compared with ¹⁷⁷Lu-based anti-L1CAM radioimmunotherapy. Methods: L1CAM⁺/CD133⁺ CSCs were examined in OC samples by immunofluorescence. After radiolabeling anti-L1CAM DOTA-chCE7 with ¹⁷⁷Lu or ¹⁶¹Tb and purification, we assessed radioimmunoconjugate quality by determining the radiochemical purity and the immunoreactive fraction. The internalized and membrane-bound fractions and the radiocytotoxicity of radiolabeled DOTA-chCE7 were evaluated with cell uptake and cell proliferation assays. Ovarian L1CAM⁺/CD133⁺ CSCs were sorted via fluorescence-activated cell sorting from OVCAR8 and SKOV3ip cells and inoculated into immunocompromised mice, who then received treatment with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-DOTA-chCE7 or [¹⁶¹Tb]Tb-DOTA-chCE7. Results: L1CAM⁺/CD133⁺ CSCs (0.3%–21%) were confirmed in samples from patients who were chemotherapy-naïve or had relapsed OC. [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-DOTA-chCE7 and [¹⁶¹Tb]Tb-DOTA-chCE7 were produced with high radiochemical purity and retained 76%–96% immunoreactivity. Cell uptake after 15 h ranged from 50% to 75% for both radioimmunoconjugates. [¹⁶¹Tb]Tb-DOTA-chCE7 showed significantly increased cytotoxicity, eliminating all ovarian CSCs and tumor cells differentiated from the CSCs in vivo, compared with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-DOTA-chCE7 (3 tumors in OVCAR8 group and 1 tumor in SKOV3ip group). Follow-up tumor analysis confirmed that sorted ovarian L1CAM⁺/CD133⁺ CSCs regenerated the tumor heterogeneity in vivo. Conclusion: This work addresses the critical need for CSC-specific therapies in the clinics by establishing ¹⁶¹Tb-based anti-L1CAM radioimmunotherapy as a novel therapeutic modality against CSCs. We found that ¹⁶¹Tb-based anti-L1CAM radioimmunotherapy eliminated ovarian CSCs more efficiently than ¹⁷⁷Lu-based anti-L1CAM radioimmunotherapy, emphasizing its promising therapeutic potential.