Applying the Cognitive Model of Post-Traumatic Stress to Examine the Role of Appraisals, Trauma Memory, and Coping Strategies Following Pediatric Injury: A Systematic Review.
Jamie Patronick, Kelly R Molloy, Sabrina J Bothwell, Shari L Wade
{"title":"Applying the Cognitive Model of Post-Traumatic Stress to Examine the Role of Appraisals, Trauma Memory, and Coping Strategies Following Pediatric Injury: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Jamie Patronick, Kelly R Molloy, Sabrina J Bothwell, Shari L Wade","doi":"10.1007/s40653-025-00695-0","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following a traumatic injury, 25-57% of children will develop clinically significant post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). The cognitive model of post-traumatic stress disorder posits that PTSS develop based on the encoding of trauma memories and the individual's appraisals of the event and its sequelae. In addition, the behaviors and cognitive strategies used to cope with distress are proposed to serve as causal and maintaining factors for PTSS. The purpose of this study was to systematically review and summarize the role of psychological processing factors, including cognitive appraisals, trauma memory, and coping styles, on the development of PTSS in children following injury. Systematic searches were conducted in May 2024 for articles published at any time in PubMed, APA PsycInfo, and PTSDpubs databases. Included articles analyzed the association between cognitive appraisals, trauma memories, and/or coping strategies and PTSS in children (ages 5-18) who received medical treatment for a single-incident traumatic injury. Data were extracted related to study and sample characteristics, measures, and findings regarding the association between psychological processes and PTSS. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. The titles and abstracts of 836 articles were screened, and 105 full text articles were reviewed, resulting in 34 eligible articles. Articles were rated as being of \"good\" (44%) or \"fair\" (56%) quality. Studies examined cognitive appraisals (<i>n</i> = 18), trauma memory characteristics (<i>n</i> = 15), and coping strategies (<i>n</i> = 13). Several factors were associated with PTSS, including maladaptive cognitive appraisals, guilt, avoidant coping, and decreased cohesion, accuracy, and context in the trauma narrative. This review provides support for the cognitive model of PTSS when applied to pediatric injury populations. Limitations of the current literature are noted, including lack of evidence of temporal associations and relationships between variables in the cognitive model. Findings can be used to identify cognitive-behavioral treatment targets and ascertain the ideal timing for screening and preventative interventions.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-025-00695-0.</p>","PeriodicalId":44763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","volume":"18 2","pages":"331-348"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12129885/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-025-00695-0","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/6/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"FAMILY STUDIES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Following a traumatic injury, 25-57% of children will develop clinically significant post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). The cognitive model of post-traumatic stress disorder posits that PTSS develop based on the encoding of trauma memories and the individual's appraisals of the event and its sequelae. In addition, the behaviors and cognitive strategies used to cope with distress are proposed to serve as causal and maintaining factors for PTSS. The purpose of this study was to systematically review and summarize the role of psychological processing factors, including cognitive appraisals, trauma memory, and coping styles, on the development of PTSS in children following injury. Systematic searches were conducted in May 2024 for articles published at any time in PubMed, APA PsycInfo, and PTSDpubs databases. Included articles analyzed the association between cognitive appraisals, trauma memories, and/or coping strategies and PTSS in children (ages 5-18) who received medical treatment for a single-incident traumatic injury. Data were extracted related to study and sample characteristics, measures, and findings regarding the association between psychological processes and PTSS. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. The titles and abstracts of 836 articles were screened, and 105 full text articles were reviewed, resulting in 34 eligible articles. Articles were rated as being of "good" (44%) or "fair" (56%) quality. Studies examined cognitive appraisals (n = 18), trauma memory characteristics (n = 15), and coping strategies (n = 13). Several factors were associated with PTSS, including maladaptive cognitive appraisals, guilt, avoidant coping, and decreased cohesion, accuracy, and context in the trauma narrative. This review provides support for the cognitive model of PTSS when applied to pediatric injury populations. Limitations of the current literature are noted, including lack of evidence of temporal associations and relationships between variables in the cognitive model. Findings can be used to identify cognitive-behavioral treatment targets and ascertain the ideal timing for screening and preventative interventions.
Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-025-00695-0.
期刊介绍：
Underpinned by a biopsychosocial approach, the Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma presents original research and prevention and treatment strategies for understanding and dealing with symptoms and disorders related to the psychological effects of trauma experienced by children and adolescents during childhood and where the impact of these experiences continues into adulthood. The journal also examines intervention models directed toward the individual, family, and community, new theoretical models and approaches, and public policy proposals and innovations. In addition, the journal promotes rigorous investigation and debate on the human capacity for agency, resilience and longer-term healing in the face of child and adolescent trauma. With a multidisciplinary approach that draws input from the psychological, medical, social work, sociological, public health, legal and education fields, the journal features research, intervention approaches and evidence-based programs, theoretical articles, specific review articles, brief reports and case studies, and commentaries on current and/or controversial topics. The journal also encourages submissions from less heard voices, for example in terms of geography, minority status or service user perspectives.
Among the topics examined in the Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma:
The effects of childhood maltreatment
Loss, natural disasters, and political conflict
Exposure to or victimization from family or community violence
Racial, ethnic, gender, sexual orientation or class discrimination
Physical injury, diseases, and painful or debilitating medical treatments
The impact of poverty, social deprivation and inequality
Barriers and facilitators on pathways to recovery
The Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma is an important resource for practitioners, policymakers, researchers, and academics whose work is centered on children exposed to traumatic events and adults exposed to traumatic events as children.
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
