Multi-measure pathways for achieving carbon-neutral cement production

Abstract

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cement production continue to rise, making it the second-largest source of industrial GHG emissions. In this study, we develop a framework to evaluate several decarbonization technologies and scenarios to achieve carbon-neutral cement production. A case study for Canada was conducted using this developed framework. Decarbonization technologies are grouped into six categories (energy efficiency, fuel switching, alternative raw materials, alternative binders and chemistries, carbon capture and storage, and cement carbonation) and each is evaluated using a bottom-up technology-explicit energy model. The results show that carbon-neutral cement production can be achieved before 2050 with marginal abatement costs of −17 to −34 CAD/t CO₂e and cumulative GHG emissions reductions of 199–242 Mt. CO₂e, based on a carbon price of 170 CAD/t CO₂ by 2030. The results are comparable to roadmaps from other jurisdictions but with some important distinctions. Canada continues to have a higher clinker/cement ratio and lower alternative fuel consumption than other jurisdictions, meaning carbon capture and storage is expected to play a larger role in reducing GHG emissions. Furthermore, carbon neutrality cannot be achieved without carbonation or a similar offset. Therefore, it is important that all cement-producing regions begin formalizing a framework to guide the calculation of carbonation impacts and compile the information to support those calculations. Finally, a sensitivity analysis concluded that carbon pricing is required in every carbon-neutral scenario to achieve negative GHG emissions abatement costs.