rGO/Carbon composite-based electrocatalytic electrodes for efficient nitrate adsorption and reduction − current challenges and future perspective

Abstract

The summary of this review paper addresses the pressing issue of nitrate contamination in water sources, increasing concern primarily due to agricultural runoff and industrial waste. Elevated nitrate levels pose significant risks to both human health, such as methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome), and aquatic ecosystems through processes like eutrophication. The paper examines the potential of carbon composite-based electrocatalytic electrodes, particularly those incorporating reduced graphene oxide (rGO), for effectively removing nitrates from contaminated water. The review uniquely contributes by analyzing nitrate reduction mechanisms, rGO’s catalytic role, electrode fabrication challenges, operational stability, pilot-scale implementation, and pathways for industrial adoption of rGO-based electrocatalysts. The high surface area of these materials makes them interesting, have superior conductivity, and excellent catalytic properties, which enhance their ability to adsorb and reduce nitrate ions. It demonstrates how major advancements in carbon composites have improved the effectiveness and selectivity of nitrate reduction, demonstrating their potential for real-world applications. However, challenges remain, particularly about scalability, the durability of the materials, and the unwanted production of by-products like ammonia during the reduction process. The further research is necessary to overcome these challenges by focusing on the development of more stable, scalable, and cost-effective materials. Reducing harmful by-products will also be essential for practical industrial applications. Advancements in this field will contribute to sustainable water treatment and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal, which focuses on clean water and sanitation.