Toward Sustainable Energy-Agriculture Synergies: A Review of Agrivoltaics Systems for Modern Farming Practices

Abstract

Agrivoltaics (AV), the innovative integration of solar photovoltaic and agricultural practices, has emerged as a sustainable solution to address global challenges related to energy, food security, and climate change. By enabling dual land use, AV systems enhance land-use efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and optimize water usage while supporting renewable energy deployment. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of AV systems, including their historical development, technological advancements, environmental and economic benefits, policy frameworks, and alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Key findings highlight the potential of AV systems to improve microclimatic conditions, protect crops from adverse environmental factors, and generate dual income streams for farmers. Case studies illustrate successful implementations across diverse geographies, showcasing the adaptability of AV systems to varying climatic and agricultural conditions. Despite their promise, AV systems face significant challenges, including high initial costs, technical complexities, and land-use conflicts. Future research directions emphasize the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, energy storage, and autonomous robotics, alongside hybrid renewable energy systems, to enhance the scalability and resilience of AV solutions. This study underscores the necessity of interdisciplinary research, targeted policy support, and stakeholder collaboration to overcome existing barriers and fully realize the potential of AV systems as a cornerstone of sustainable energy and agricultural strategies.