Scalable Fabrication of Lead-Free Metal Halide for Indirect Flat Panel Detector

Abstract

Metal halides have excellent radioluminescence performance, which makes them suitable for X-ray indirect flat panel detectors (I-FPDs). However, commercialization prospects are still constrained by two issues: 1. Lead toxicity, which poses significant health risks to the human body, limits the application scenarios of I-FPDs. 2. The fabrication technique restricts the production of large-area scintillators, making it difficult to achieve flat-panel imaging. Therefore, developing lead-free metal halides and large-area fabrication techniques is essential. In this perspective, we summarize several promising lead-free metal halide materials and large-area fabrication processes, then compare their performance. Additionally, we have also discussed the potential development directions for future lead-free I-FPDs. This systematic review aims to contribute to the advancement of radiation detection technologies by providing researchers with a thorough understanding of the current landscape and prospects of lead-free metal halide scintillators.