The Interconnected Issue of Antimicrobial Resistance Due to Social Inequalities Worldwide.

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global health threat, exacerbated by significant social inequalities. While inappropriate antibiotic use is a known driver, socioeconomic factors such as poverty, limited access to healthcare, and poor living conditions play a crucial role in the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Disadvantaged populations often resort to self-medication or substandard drugs, contributing to resistance development. This complex interplay calls for a systemic, cross-sectoral response rooted in the One Health and Planetary Health frameworks, recognizing social inequality as a key determinant of AMR. Effective action requires equitable access to quality healthcare, sustainable food systems, improved sanitation, and environmental policies addressing pharmaceutical pollution. Only through coordinated global efforts can we mitigate the rise of AMR and protect both human Q1 and planetary health.