On the hydrogen pre-ignition phenomenon induced by engine lubricating oils with different calcium contents in a rapid compression expansion machine

IF 5 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Applications in Energy and Combustion Science Pub Date : 2025-05-27 DOI:10.1016/j.jaecs.2025.100339

Maryam Yeganeh , Kristian Rönn , Shervin Karimkashi , Qiang Cheng , Ponnya Hlaing , Jari Hyvönen , Ville Vuorinen , Ossi Kaario , Martti Larmi

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Abstract

This study is a follow-up to our previous work (Yeganeh et al., Proc. Combust. Inst., 2024) on the hydrogen (H₂) pre-ignition phenomenon induced by engine lubricating oils. While the earlier study compared the H₂ pre-ignition induced by two different engine lubricating oils from different API (American Petroleum Institute) Groups, the current work focuses on two API Group II lubricants with differing calcium (Ca) contents in their additive packages. Since Ca content plays a major role in low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, it is essential to investigate its influence on H₂ pre-ignition as well. Pre-ignition phenomenon is investigated across various equivalence ratios (ϕ = 0.5, 0.4, 0.33) and compression ratios (ɛ = 11–14). The findings reveal that ɛ value has a more pronounced effect on H₂ pre-ignition than ϕ value. Most importantly, unlike gasoline engines, where Ca content significantly affects LSPI, it has only a minor effect on H₂ pre-ignition. Instead, the base oil chemistry seems to have a greater influence on H₂ pre-ignition. Chemical simulations support these findings, showing that the longer chain length of n-hexadecane, used as a surrogate for the tested lubricants, increases reactivity and promotes H₂ pre-ignition at intermediate temperatures. The simulations also indicate that the pre-ignition behavior observed in the experiments can be replicated with specific molar fractions of n-hexadecane: 2 mol- % at ɛ = 13 and ϕ = 0.5, 2.4 mol- % at ɛ = 13 and ϕ = 0.4, and 2.8 mol- % at ɛ = 12 and ϕ = 0.33.

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不同含钙量的发动机润滑油在快速压缩膨胀机上引起的氢预燃现象

这项研究是我们之前工作的后续（Yeganeh et al., Proc. comust）。发动机润滑油引起的氢气（H2）预点火现象。虽然早期的研究比较了来自不同API（美国石油协会）集团的两种不同发动机润滑油诱导的H2预点火，但目前的工作重点是两种API II组润滑油，其添加剂包装中钙（Ca）含量不同。由于Ca含量在汽油直喷发动机的低速预燃（LSPI）中起着重要作用，因此研究其对H2预燃的影响也很有必要。研究了不同等效比（φ = 0.5, 0.4, 0.33）和压缩比（φ = 11-14）下的预燃现象。结果表明，与φ值相比，φ值对H2预燃的影响更为显著。最重要的是，与汽油发动机不同，Ca含量对LSPI有显著影响，但它对H2预点火的影响很小。相反，基础油的化学性质似乎对H2预点火有更大的影响。化学模拟支持这些发现，表明正十六烷链长较长，作为测试润滑油的替代品，增加了反应性，促进了H2在中间温度下的预点燃。模拟还表明，实验中观察到的预点火行为可以在特定的正十六烷摩尔分数下复制：在η = 13和φ = 0.5时为2 mol- %，在η = 13和φ = 0.4时为2.4 mol- %，在η = 12和φ = 0.33时为2.8 mol- %。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Applications in Energy and Combustion Science

CiteScore

4.20

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0.00%

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