Navigating converging pathways of co-infection: an integrated epidemiological insight into hepatitis B and malaria among pregnant women in the middle belt of Ghana.

Abstract

Background: Viral hepatitis B (HBV) and malaria during pregnancy pose significant health risks. This is because both HBV and Plasmodium undergo certain developmental stages in the liver. Hence, their simultaneous presence in the liver could lead to serious maternal and neonatal complications. Although some studies in the Bono East Region have provided valuable insights into the mono-infections of HBV and malaria, their co-infection during pregnancy has not been extensively explored. Therefore, this study aimed to fill this gap by assessing the seroprevalence and determinants of HBV and malaria co-infection among pregnant women in the region.

Methods: This multicentre cross-sectional study included 1430 pregnant women in seven health facilities within the Bono East Region. Serological screening and a structured closed-ended questionnaire were used to collect relevant data, which were analysed with STATA 14 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Descriptive statistics, Pearson's Chi-square tests, and logistic regression analyses were performed as part of data analyses. The findings from the multiple regression model are presented in adjusted odds (AOR) ratios at p < 0.05) with a 95% confidence interval.

Results: The mean age of pregnant women was 28.8 ± 3.73. The prevalence of HBV and malaria co-infection was 0.70% (95% CI: 0.37-1.29). Among those co-infected, six women had high malaria parasitaemia, one had moderate parasitaemia, and three had low parasitaemia. Blood transfusion (AOR = 18.24), street nail trimming (AOR = 14.57), residing closer to refuse dumping sites (AOR = 2.34), residing closer to water bodies (AOR = 8.84), being unmarried (AOR = 18.96), having no formal education compared to basic or higher education (AOR = 9.23), being primigravida (AOR = 6.82), and being secundigravida (AOR = 5.73) were significantly associated with increased odds of HBV and malaria co-infection.

Conclusion: This study revealed a low prevalence of HBV and malaria co-infection among pregnant women. Despite the relatively low prevalence, the identified determinants highlight the need for integrated antenatal screening protocols, targeted public health education, and policy-level interventions to reduce the dual burden of HBV and malaria among pregnant women and contribute to achieving maternal health targets under Sustainable Development Goal 3.