Performance of Artificial Intelligence-Based Models for Epiretinal Membrane Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Topic

Epiretinal membrane (ERM) can impair central vision by forming a pre-retinal fibrous layer on the inner retina. Artificial intelligence (AI)–based tools may streamline ERM diagnosis, but their overall performance and factors affecting accuracy require evaluation.

Clinical Relevance

With an aging population, ERM prevalence is expected to rise, placing increased demands on clinical resources. Early detection via AI models could expedite diagnosis, reduce subjective errors, and guide timely surgical intervention. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the pooled diagnostic performance of AI models for detecting ERM and identifies study- and model-level factors influencing their performance.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

Comprehensive searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and preprint databases from inception to June 2024. Included studies evaluated AI models for ERM diagnosis. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Quality Assessment for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) tool. A random-effects model was applied to pool diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio. Subgroup analyses explored factors affecting model performance. The study protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO - CRD42024563571).

Results

Of 379 articles screened, 26 met inclusion criteria, and 19 contributed to the meta-analysis. Study settings were predominantly hospital-based (76.9%), with some studies from academic computer and biomedical science departments (15.4%) and community centers (7.7%). Quality assessments suggested low or unclear risk of bias and applicability concerns in 95% of studies. The pooled sensitivity was 90.1% (95% CI: 85.8-93.2), and the pooled specificity was 95.7% (95% CI: 88.8-95.2). Subgroup analysis showed higher specificity (97.1%, 95% CI: 96.0-97.9) in AI models using color fundus photographs than optical coherence tomography scans, which had a specificity of 92.6% (95% CI: 88.8-95.2). External validation was performed in 26.9% of studies. All included studies used expert human grading as the reference standard, of which 25 (96.2%) were based on the same imaging modality as the AI input. The proportion of ERM cases in development datasets varied across studies, particularly between single-disease and multiclass models.

Conclusions

AI models demonstrate high diagnostic performance for ERM. However, limited external validation and variability in AI development methodologies limits direct comparison between models and real-world applicability. Future work should standardize model development and reporting practices, improve data interoperability, and develop prediction models to track disease progression and determine optimal surgical timing.