Late Quaternary fluvial deposits of the Sai River Basin, Central Ganga Plain: insights into morphometry and provenance

IF 1.9 3区地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Quaternary International Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2025.109857

S.K. Yadav , S. Tripathi , S. Singh , M.A. Quasim , S. Kanhaiya , Aashna Javed , M. Yadav , S. Kumar , A. Patra

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Abstract

This study explores the regional topography, drainage distribution, depositional processes, and provenance of the Late Quaternary deposits of the Sai River Basin, Central Ganga Plain, India. Morphometric, lithofacies, textural, and heavy mineral analyses were conducted utilizing multi-proxy data sets to accomplish the outlined objectives. The basin comprises two sub-basins with predominant dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage patterns, very low drainage density, and extremely coarse drainage texture. The bifurcation ratio suggests minimal influence of structural and tectonic control on basin dynamics. Five lithofacies, i. e. Sp (Sp1and Sp2), Sm, Fc, Sr, and Sh were identified in the fluvial deposits of the Sai River. Sp and Sh are abundant in channel bar successions, while Sp, Fc, Sr, and Sh occur in the point bar, and Sm and Sh are common in natural levees, representing varying energy conditions and depositional environments. The mean grain size is 3.0 φ (ranges from 2.80 φ to 3.07 φ) for the channel bar, 3.16 φ (ranges from 3.05 φ to 3.28 φ) for the point bar, and 3.25 φ (ranges from 3.19 φ to 3.31φ) for natural levees, indicating that studied sediments range from fine to very fine sand. The mean standard deviation (sorting) values for the channel bar sequence is 0.46 φ (ranges from 0.45 φ to 0.50 φ), for point bar sequences is 0.43 φ (ranges from 0.38 φ to 0.51 φ), and for natural levee sequences is 0.56 φ (ranges from 0.52 φ to 0.64 φ). These values suggest that the sediments in all the studied geomorphic units are moderately to well sorted. The mean skewness value of the sediments is 0.01 (ranges from - 0.01 to 0.10) for the channel bar, - 0.14 (ranges from - 0.24 to - 0.02) for point bar, and - 0.15 (ranges from - 0.17 to - 0.13) for natural levees, indicating a near-symmetrical to coarse-skewed nature of the sediments. The mean value of kurtosis is 0.91 (ranges from 0.83 to 1.06), 0.86 (ranges from 0.76 to 1.05), and 1.03 (ranges from 0.95 to 1.15) respectively, for channel bar, point bar, and natural levee, sequences, suggesting platykurtic to leptokurtic nature of the sediments. The C–M plot for the studied samples from point bars, channel bars, and natural levees reveals that the sediments were predominantly transported by the graded suspension. The dominant heavy minerals include tourmaline, staurolite, muscovite, epidote, zircon, brookite, chloritoid, and kyanite, along with some opaque minerals, indicating that the sediments are derived from low to medium-grade metamorphic rocks and acidic igneous rock, sources, documenting key contributions derived from rocks of the Himalayan region. The ZTR index values vary from 23.3 % to 61.3 %, with an average of 37.7 %. This indicates that the sediments are mineralogically immature and show early diagenetic dissolution of palimpsest sediments originally deposited by the river.

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恒河平原中部塞河流域晚第四纪河流沉积：形态和物源的认识

研究了印度恒河平原中部西河流域晚第四纪沉积物的区域地形、水系分布、沉积过程和物源特征。利用多代理数据集进行了形态、岩相、结构和重矿物分析，以实现概述的目标。盆地由两个子盆地组成，以枝状-亚枝状水系为主，水系密度极低，水系结构极为粗糙。分岔比表明构造和构造控制对盆地动力学的影响最小。在西河河流沉积中发现了Sp （sp1和Sp2）、Sm、Fc、Sr和Sh 5种岩相。Sp和Sh在河道坝系中富集，Sp、Fc、Sr和Sh在点坝中富集，Sm和Sh在天然堤防中普遍存在，代表了不同的能量条件和沉积环境。河道坝的平均粒径为3.0 φ (2.80 ~ 3.07 φ)，点坝的平均粒径为3.16 φ (3.05 ~ 3.28 φ)，天然堤的平均粒径为3.25 φ (3.19 ~ 3.31φ)，表明研究的沉积物范围从细砂到极细砂不等。河道坝序列的平均标准差（排序）值为0.46 φ（范围为0.45 ~ 0.50 φ），点坝序列的平均标准差（排序）值为0.43 φ（范围为0.38 ~ 0.51 φ），天然堤序列的平均标准差（排序）值为0.56 φ（范围为0.52 ~ 0.64 φ）。这些数值表明，所有研究的地貌单元的沉积物都是中等到较好的分选。河道坝的平均偏度值为0.01(- 0.01 ~ 0.10)，点坝的平均偏度值为- 0.14(- 0.24 ~ - 0.02)，天然堤的平均偏度值为- 0.15(- 0.17 ~ - 0.13)，表明沉积物的偏度接近对称至粗偏度。河道坝、点坝和天然堤层序的峰度平均值分别为0.91（0.83 ~ 1.06）、0.86（0.76 ~ 1.05）和1.03(0.95 ~ 1.15)，表明沉积物为斜峰度-细峰度。点坝、河道坝和天然堤防样品的C-M图显示，沉积物主要由分级悬浮体输送。主要重矿物有电气石、橄榄石、白云母、绿帘石、锆石、绿帘石、蓝晶石等，并伴有一些不透明矿物，表明沉积物主要来源于中低品位变质岩和酸性火成岩，主要来源于喜马拉雅地区的岩石。ZTR指数值在23.3% ~ 61.3%之间变化，平均值为37.7%。这表明沉积物矿物学上不成熟，显示了河流原沉积的改写层沉积物的早期成岩溶蚀作用。

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来源期刊

Quaternary International 地学-地球科学综合

CiteScore

5.60

自引率

4.50%

发文量

336

审稿时长

3 months

期刊介绍： Quaternary International is the official journal of the International Union for Quaternary Research. The objectives are to publish a high quality scientific journal under the auspices of the premier Quaternary association that reflects the interdisciplinary nature of INQUA and records recent advances in Quaternary science that appeal to a wide audience. This series will encompass all the full spectrum of the physical and natural sciences that are commonly employed in solving Quaternary problems. The policy is to publish peer refereed collected research papers from symposia, workshops and meetings sponsored by INQUA. In addition, other organizations may request publication of their collected works pertaining to the Quaternary.