Container port competitiveness amid disruptions: Insights from the European maritime network during the Red Sea crisis

Abstract

In November 2023, Houthi attacks on shipping routes passing through the Red Sea triggered changes in maritime networks and led to greater use of the Cape Route. This paper analyzes the impact of this rerouting on European port competitiveness during the first half of 2024, as the consequences of the event became apparent. The findings indicate a contraction of the network around major hubs by March, accompanied by an estimated increase in transport chain costs ranging from 3 % to 13 %, depending on the gateway and transshipment ports involved. Hub ports close to the Strait of Gibraltar reinforced their connectivity and experienced the smallest cost increases. In contrast, feeder ports, especially those in proximity to the Suez Canal, saw a decline in connectivity amid network reconfigurations. This research offers insights into the medium-term evolution of European maritime connectivity during periods of geopolitical instability and presents cost estimates that influence port choice processes.